Antidiabetic Effect of Momordica Charantia

Antidiabetic Effect of Momordica Charantia Effect of Momordica charantia fruits on Diabetic Complications Introduction    Momordica Charantia (Cucurbitaceae) or Bitter Melon, is a Tropical vegetable, is a common food in Indian cusine and has been used extensively in folk medicine (Dasgupta, 2011). In Ayurveda, the fruit is considered as tonic, stomachic, stimulant, emetic, antibilous, laxative and alterative. Bitter melon has been used in various Asian traditional medicine systems for a long time. Like most bitter-tasting foods, bitter melon stimulates digestion. While this can be helpful in people with sluggish digestion, dyspepsia, and constipation, it can sometimes make heartburn and ulcers worse. The fact that bitter melon is also a demulcent and at least mild inflammation modulator, however, means that it rarely does have these negative effects, based on clinical experience and traditional reports (Kumar et al., 2010; Patel et al., 2010; Sharma et al.,2011). In the initial study, significant antihyperglycemic activiy of crude powder of M.charantia fruits was observed in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Among the various extracts aqueous extract showed significant effect on postprandial hyperglycemia in normal as well as STZ diabetic rats after oral administration of sucrose and also showed significant lowering of fasting blood glucose in STZ diabetic rats. Therefore the aqueous extract was subjected to the fractionation and two different fractions namely butanol and aqueous fractions were obtained. The fractions were again administered to the STZ diabetic rats in which both the fractions showed significant antihyperglycemic although the activity was greater in aqueous fraction treated group. The present chapter mainly illustrates the long term multiple dose effect of aqueous fraction of M.charantia in high fructose diet fed low dose STZ-induced diabetic rats (HFD-STZ) and high dose STZ induced diabetic rats. Multiple dose study in the animal models provide the better understanding about the overall effect of the selected fraction on the various symptoms and associated compilcations of diabetes mellitus. Prior to the in vivo study, the aqueous fraction has also subjected to the in vitro study using L6 cells to find out its effect on the cellular glucose uptake and insulin signaling. Design of study Aqueous fraction of aqueous extract of T.belerica fruits were subjected to in vitro study using L6 cells to see the effect of fraction on glucose uptake, and insulin signaling. In vivo study was performed using high fructose diet fed low dose STZ-induced diabetic rats (HFD-STZ) and high dose STZ-induced diabetic rats. HFD-STZ rats were selected and grouped on the basis of elevated plasma triglycerides and cholesterol level while the high dose STZ-induced diabetic rats were grouped on the basis of their glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level. Multiple dose of aqueous fraction was carried out for one month and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and biochemical analysis including plasma lipid profile analysis and hepatic and renal function tests were performed at regular intervals. Since chronic complications are more pronounced in high dose STZ rats, therefore at the end of the experiments the animals were sacrificed and the kidney of treated as well as untreated control groups were collec ted for the study of the effect of aqueous fraction on the molecular markers involved in oxidative stress induced diabetic nephropathy. Results: (1) Concentration dependent effect of aqueous fraction of aqueous extract of M.charantia fruits on glucose uptake in L6 cells: Treatment of aqueous fractions led to increase of basal as well as insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in concentration dependent manner in L6 cells. Figure 1 shows significant increase of 1.41-fold (p (2) Effect of aqueous fraction of M.charantia on mRNA expression of insulin signaling gene in L6 cells: Gene expression profile suggest that the expression of IRS-1 (Insulin receptor substrate, PI3K (Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase), AKT2 (Protein kinase-B) and GLUT4 genes were upregulated by the treatment of aqueous fraction. Thus it is clear that the aqueous fraction of M.charantia stimulates the genes of insulin signaling pathway which may lead to the antihyperglycemic effect of the fraction. (3) Effect of aqueous fraction of aqueous extract of M.charantia on IRS-1, AKT and GLUT4 proteins in L6 cells: Insulin signaling pathway can influence glucose uptake by the translocation of GLUT4 containing vesicles to the plasma membrane and thus facilitates in the transportation of glucose across the plasma membrane. Drugs affecting the insulin signaling may modulate the glucose uptake in this manner. In the present study, it was observed that similar to the gene expression profile, treatment of aqueous fraction increases the protein expression of of p-IRS-1, p-AKT and GLUT4. Thus it is clear that aqueous fraction of M.charantia do effect insulin signaling pathway in in vitro and as a consequence increase glucose uptake by cells. (4) Effect of aqueous fraction of aqueous extract of M.charantia fruits on fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance and plasma insulin level of High fructose diet fed low dose Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Table 1 shows the remarkable effect of aqueous fraction on fasting blood glucose of treated animals. Highly significant improvement of 31.8% (p (5) Effect of aqueous fraction of aqueous extract of M.charantia fruits on lipid profile of High fructose diet fed low dose Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats High fructose diet generally cause disturbances in lipid profile leading to dyslipidemia which get further deified by the low dose treatment of STZ causing highly elevated plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL level and decreased plasma HDL level. Table 2 shows that the treatment with aqueous fraction for one month significantly improved plasma lipid profile and the significant declination of triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol was found to the tune of 35.7% (pM.charantia was found sufficiently effective against diabetic dyslipidemia caused by high fructose and low dose STZ in animals. (6) Effect of aqueous fraction of aqueous extract of M.charantia fruits on Hepatic and Renal parameters of High fructose diet fed low dose Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. High fructose diet may cause dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance which are the characteristics of diabetes type 2 and the extent of severity may get increased by the low dose of STZ which may further add the symptoms like hepatic and renal dysfunction in the experimental animals. Table 3 and 4 shows that in the present study treatment of aqueous fraction was found to improve the plasma level of hepatic and renal function markers. It is clear from Table 3 that there was significant decline of plasma AST and ALT level at ever time interval and the lowering of 31.2% (p (7) Effect of aqueous fraction of aqueous extract of M.charantia fruits on fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance and plasma insulin of high dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Most of the beta cells get destroyed in high dose STZ-induced diabetic rats and therefore animals display high level of fasting blood glucose and intolerance towards external glucose administration. Table 5 shows that treatment of aqueous fraction for one month significantly improved the fasting blood glucose level to the tune of 15.4% (p Elevated fasting blood glucose and reduced glucose tolerance are characteristic of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Table 5 shows that the treatment with Aqueous fraction for 30 consective days improved glucose tolerance of the treated animals to the tune of 18.0% (pth and 28th day of treatment respectively. Fasting blood glucose was declined to 15.0% (pth day and 28th day respectively. Plasma insulin level in treated group was found elevated to 42.3% (p (8) Effect of Aqueous fraction of Aqueous extract of M.charantia fruits on glycated haemoglobin level of high dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Glycated haemoglobin or HbA1c reflects the average concentration of glucose in blood for a prolonged period of time and HbA1c level are generally found elevated above normal in the untreated or late diagnosed diabetes. Hence the reduction in HbA1c level reflects the effect control of blood glucose level. In the present study animals showing HbA1c level 10 and above were selected for study. Figure 10 shows that the oral administration of Aqueous fraction of M.charantia declined the HbA1c level to the tune of 24.1% (pth day. (9) Effect of Aqueous fraction of Aqueous extract of M.charantia fruits on lipid profile of high dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. High dose STZ-induced diabetic animals which develop high HbA1c level and other complications in long duration are generally lean animals with disturbed lipid profile also but the level of triglycerides and cholesterol are not as much elevated as in diet induced model. In the present model medium elevation of triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL was noticed and slight declination of HDL level. Table 6 shows that the plasma triglyceride level was found reduced by 25.4% (p (10) Effect of Aqueous fraction Aqueous extract of M.charantia fruits on Hepatic and Renal parameters of Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats It is evident from Table 7 and 8 that Aqueous fraction treated group showed marked decline in plasma AST and ALT as well as urea, uric acid and creatinine level which clearly reflects improvement in hepatic and renal performance as compared to the untreated control group. Effect of aqueous fraction of M.charantia fruits on activated stress signaling pathway in the kidney of STZ-induced diabetic rats: To determine the effect of hyperglycemia in the kidney of STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with aqueous fraction of M.charantia, the expression of p-PKCÃŽ ´ was studied and figure 11 shows no significant change of expression in M.charantia treated rats in comparison to STZ-untreated rats. Effect of aqueous fraction of M.charantia fruits on expression of pp-38(MAPK) ,ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 in the kidney of STZ-induced diabetic rats The effect of M.charantia treatment on glucose-induced changes in MAPK family members was also studied. MAPKs have been identified as transducers linking high glucose to biochemical deficits in diabetes. p38 mediates responses to osmotic stress including the regulation of genes such as aldose reductase together with JNK which is activated by oxidative stress (208). Aldose reductase-sensitive phosphorylation and nuclear migration of p38 MAPK has been demonstrated in DRG sensory neurons of diabetic rodents and specific inhibition of p38 prevents Na+ channel phosphorylation (346). Figure 12 demonstrates a clear increase in pp38 MAPK in response to increasing glucose. (Yuan et al 2009).But on the contrary no change was observed in pp38 and its associated members (JNK1/2 and ERK1/2 ) Effect of aqueous fraction of M.charantia fruits on the expression of IKKÃŽ ², NFÃŽ ºÃŽ ² and antiinflamatory AKT in the kidney of STZ-induced diabetic rats In order to assess the effect of aqueous fraction of M.charantia on IKKÃŽ ² expression in the STZ induced kidney, the immunoblotting of IKKÃŽ ² and NFÃŽ ºÃŽ ² were performed and its effect on anti-apoptotic molecules such as AKT was also analysed. As it is clear from figure 13, that the fraction did not showed any significant effect in expression level of IKKÃŽ ², NFÃŽ ºÃŽ ² and phosphorylated AKT . Effect of aqueous fraction of M.charantia fruits on apoptotic markers (caspase-3, pp53 and cleaved PARP-1) High glucose concentrations found in diabetic patients trigger cellular apoptosis. As given such an elaborated knowledge of effect of pro-apoptotic molecules the effect of the fraction on these apoptosis triggered protein expression that is activated–caspase-3 was studied and the results in figure 14 and 15 indicates no change in expression of active-caspase-3 and cleaved PARP-1 in treated group when compared to untreated STZ induced rats. Discussion: Momordica charantia is a native to tropics (Hamissou, 2013) and its medicinal properties are mentioned in ancient literatures (Kumar, 2010). It also forms the part of many polyherbal antidiabetic formulations and also known for anticancer, antibacterial, antiulcer, antifertility, antihelminthic, antimalerial, antipsoriasis and immunomodulatory activities (Dasgupta, 2011; Sharma, 2011). The previous study confirmed the significant antihyperglycemic effect of aqueous extract in various animal models and therefore it was further fractionated to obtain butanol and aqueous fraction. Both these fractions showed significant antihyperglycemic activity in STZ-induced diabetic rats although higher activity was observed in aqueous fraction and therefore the same was selected for the study of secondary complications of diabetes. Aqueous fraction treatment in L6 cells enhanced basal as well as insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in concentration dependent manner. GLUT4 translocation and distribution is vital in the glucose upatake by cells (Leney and Tavare, 2009). Effect of aqueous fraction on GLUT4 expression was studied by treating L6 myotubes with aqueous fraction and as a result expression of GLUT4 significantly increased at both mRNA and protein level. Hence the increase in glucose uptake was due to the upregulation of the GLUT4 expression by L6 myotubes. Present study also suggests that the aqueous fraction increased tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 in L6 myotubes and also increased the mRNA level of the same. PI3K xpression was also found increased in treated L6 myotubes. Beside this the aqueous fraction also increased mRNA level of AKT in L6 myotubes and also stimulated the phosphorylation of AKT at Ser-473 suggesting that the stimulatory effect of aqueous fraction of A.indica on glucose uptake is med iated via PI-3-K/AKT pathway. Further the aqueous fraction was subjected to the multiple dosing in HFD-STZ rat model which shares some characteristics with human type 2 diabetes (Salama et al., 2013). Fasting blood glucose level and oral glucose tolerance was markedly improved in aqueous fraction treated group which supports the outcome of in vitro study showing increased glucose uptake by treated cells. Dyslipidemia is the characteristic feature of HFD-STZ rats (Panchal and Brown, 2011) and aqueous fraction effectively restored the lipid profile of treated rats by the significant lowering of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL and enhancing the plasma HDL level. Declined level of hepatic transaminases and plasma level of urea, uric acid and creatinine indicates towards hepato and reno protective action of aqueous fraction. Since the diabetic complications are more severe in low dose STZ-induced diabetic rats with untreated hyperglycemia of several weeks reflected in elevated level of HbA1c. Therefore the aqueous fraction was also studied in low dose STZ-induced diabetic rats showing abnormally high level of HbA1c. Such animals were treated with aqueous fraction for one month and there was significant improvement in fasting blood glucose level and oral glucose tolerance of treated animals. The improvement in fasting blood glucose was well reflected in the declination of HbA1c level of the treated animals by the significant extent. Plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL were significantly reduced and HDL-level was raised significantly which confirms the antidyslipidemic effect of aqueous fraction in diet induced model. There was also marked lowering of hepatic transaminases and plasma level of urea, uric acid and creatinine indicating towards the hepato and reno protective activity of aqueous fr action of M.charantia. Further study was carried on to see the effect of M.charantia on kidney of STZ-induced rats .The study revealed that M.charantia does not showed any significant effect on any of pro-apoptotic or stress-inducing pathway. Thus indicating that this fraction does not exerts significant effect on oxidative-stress induced nephropathy, therefore it was not relevant to move forward towards compounds elucidation and study. Therefore it may be concluded that aqueous fraction of aqueous extract of M.charantia fruits is moderately effective in control of diabetic hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia and also improves hepatic and renal function but less effective against secondary complications like nephropathy.

Explore How Gender Is Represented in ‘Bliss’ Essay

Bliss is targeted at teenage girls. The front cover of the magazine expresses this gender stereotype. An important stage in life is being a teenager. At this point in life, you start forming your own identity and it is hard to do when teenagers are immediately stereotyped and labelled. In particular, teenage girls are portrayed as either sweet and innocent or aggressive and acting too mature for their age. Teenage girls are perceived as being heavily involved in sex from a young age. The film ‘Cruel Intentions’ enforces this idea and encourages teenage girls to grow up fast and act beyond their age – the magazine ‘Bliss’ also encourages this. All teenagers suffer from these harsh stereotypes and compared to ‘Cruel Intentions’ the film ‘My Summer of Love’ shows teenagers trying to break away from these labels. From all the negativity that is being expressed by the older members of society towards the younger, teenagers look to magazines such as ‘Bliss’ for inspiration on how they should look and act. Firstly the title of the magazine ‘Bliss’ appears at the top of the magazine in a big, bold font and in the colour red to make it more vibrant as it is the first thing you pick up on. Its font is Sans serif which is straightforward and informal so the reader will relate to it more. Also, the actual word ‘Bliss’ means a state of perfect happiness so this is implying that the reader will be happy if they read this magazine. ‘Bliss’ is also a name you expect as it reminds the reader of something glamorous or girly which attracts the female stereotype of the girly teenager. In the centre of the cover is a photograph of Taylor Swift who is considered a popular role model among teenage girls. She wears red lipstick which fits in with the colour scheme of the cover (red). The dress she is wearing is in metallic silver and this is in contrast to the red and blue colours to make her stand out more. All the text is framed around the centre image to make the focus on her. She is also using direct address by looking into the camera; this is a form of interaction as the audience may feel connected with the image on the front cover. Also, wrapped behind the centre image is a ribbon with ‘Taylor talks love’ written on it. This is to enforce the idea encouraging teenage girls to learn about love but in this instance, from Taylor Swift. The ‘o’ in the word ‘love’ is represented by a love heart (there are also love hearts surrounding this text). This appeals more too teenage girls as it is implying this magazine issue is all about love and stereotypical teenage girls idealize about love. The ribbon is shaped in order to draw attention to the eye. Underneath the ribbon it mentions a quote from Taylor Swift saying ‘With boys, you have to learn the hard way†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ this is suggesting that girls haven’t learnt about relationships and boys yet, and is encouraging girls to grow up fast and act more mature. Also, the price of the magazine is cheap ( £2.99) compared to other monthly magazines and teenagers are most likely to have low disposable incomes so there is more chance they will buy it. Also, ‘Bliss’ is a monthly magazine so readers won’t have to buy it so many times, so they will save money, again this is more likely for teenagers to buy it. As the magazine is monthly, it will be more detailed and last longer than a weekly magazine so this is more reason for teenagers to read it. The language used on the cover is stereotypically used by teenagers (teenage girls in particular), for example, ‘(So. Much. Goss!)’ this will appeal more to teenage girls as they understand these sayings the magazine uses. Also, this quote is referring to Harry Styles who is part of the boy band One Direction who have a female fan base so to see some text on the cover stating they have loads of gossip about Harry Styles, is going to draw in their fan base which is primarily, teenage girls. In the bottom left corner of the cover is a list of celebrities that are popular among teenage girls. This encourages the male celebrities featured to be possible love interests and encourages the female celebrities to be possible role models. On the front cover, near the top, it states ‘horrifying real-life’ and then follows with a quote from a real life story. The fact they have chosen to feature a real life story applies to the uses and gratifications theory as teenagers can relate to it and identify with themselves. Also, along with the title at the top of page is the website address for the magazine. This shows that the magazine is technology adept and it also creates convergence on an online community. The modern day teenager spends more time on the internet now so it is likely that if they are interested in the magazine they will visit the website as well. At the bottom of the magazine are images of clothes. These images represent teenage fashion and create a desire for the products. ‘Bliss’ makes fashion an important issue and it supports this stereotypical idea that girls are obsessed with fashion and are trying to be mature which has been encouraged by the media. The front cover of any magazine is extremely important because when you are looking for which magazine you are going to buy it is the front cover that is what is going to attract you to each individual magazine. The stereotypical idea of the female gender is seen throughout the front cover of ‘Bliss’ by including features of fashion, gossip, boys and potential female role models. Also the colour scheme of red romanticises the magazine which encourages girls to grow up fast. There is a combination of presentational features used and attention to relevant content ensures the magazine will be extremely attractive to the female gender.

Tranquility of a Cemetery

As we come in to a cemetery, we might be filled with fears or have some sort of dreadful feeling. Our first impression may be of dark cold nights and ended lives. What is a scary and dreadful place for some people; it is a very meaningful place for me. This place is so meaningful to me because my father is buried there. Cemeteries are important to bringing perspective and serenity, because they bring us a connection to where we came from, it helps us realize the tenderness of life, and they help us to relax a little bit through their calmness. I have had so many things impact my life and they all seem to end up in the same place. Cemeteries are not the dreaded and scary things of superstitions. They are holding places for memories and faith. The memories I hold from Bellevue memorial park are not from within the place itself but from the people it holds. It helped me realize the delicacy of life by taking many people I loved before I expected them to go. My father is buried in my most meaningful place; my grandma and one of my uncles are there too. The day we buried my dad it was a beautiful day outsides, it was nice and sunny although it looked like it was going to rain. As I entered the cemetery I saw tombstones piled up from left to right and right to left , there’s was people buries in every direction. On one corner there are tombstones dated as far back as the 1800’s, those are the oldest tombs. Then there’s a section as you are coming in to the cemetery, called the mausoleum. As you go in there it’s very quiet, but the smell of the mausoleum is the same smell of a rotting piece of meat. As you approach to the middle section of the cemetery there is the baby section. This section is always filled with balloons flowers and all kinds of decorations, for their birthdays or special occasions. This is the saddest section of the whole cemetery because you always see at least 1 mother crying to their dead child. In the older sections of the cemetery there where caskets coming out the ground, you could see that since they have been there too long the dirt has pushed them out. I walked around the whole cemetery and I felt sad for all f these people that have lost their lives in accidents, crimes, or just health problems. I kind of felt like I was in fear of losing my life too, because I was surrounded by death. As we approached to the section where my father was going to be buried, it smelled like fresh flowers and plants, but if u smelled deep enough there was a humid smell in the air of the rotting corpses underneath the ground I was stepping on. I’ve been at this ce metery three times and as close as I can remember it felt the same. I felt scared, anxious; my heart beat was accelerating as we were getting closer to putting my loved ones underground. The grass was green and freshly cut; it seemed as if they had just cut it for this occasion. Every time I go to the cemetery I’m not scared anymore I feel peaceful, when you go there you get relaxed because it’s very quiet, there is no sound in sight all u can hear is the static in your ears. Also it’s hard to explain the emotions you get as you enter a cemetery; you feel sad, scared, anxious lots of mixed emotions. One thing I remember the most is the feeling of knowing that once my dad was going underground I was never going to see him again all I was left with was his memory and his tomb.

Managing Diversity in the United States Army Essay

The United States Army consists of soldiers from many diverse cultures. Citizenship is not a requirement to join the Army, so people enlist from across the United States as well as from many countries around the world. The Army has its own unique culture that is a conglomeration of the many cultures that make up its population. Each new soldier is expected to adapt to this new culture and integrate as a member of a larger team. Helping new soldiers make this adaptation as quickly as possible and with few difficulties is a challenge for the leaders of new soldiers throughout the Army. The primary challenge for leaders in the Army is taking a group of individuals and molding them into a team. The framework that is employed to the†¦show more content†¦10). The Army does little to understand the values or cultures of new recruits as the authors suggest. Instead, leaders try to impose the Army’s own values onto new soldiers. One of the first requirements in basic training is to memorize the Army’s seven values: loyalty, duty, respect, selfless service, honor, integrity and personal courage. These values are reinforced in training throughout the Army and are meant to supplant whatever values were already present. Haircuts and clothing become uniform in an attempt to strip away a soldier’s individuality. Communication with families is very limited during initial training. It becomes harder for anyone to identify with his or her own culture as time passes. As cruel as this might sound, it is a necessary step in developing soldiers t hat place the mission first. During war, it is crucial that soldiers react to orders without thinking. Cultural biases can interfere with this. Many cultures place a lot of importance on respecting elders. People are expected to defer to someone who is older. This presents a problem in the Army when a leader has soldiers who are older than him. 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