Essay on Important Writing Skills In The Workplace

The Importance of Writing Skills in the Workplace What are the words you write revealing about you? Are they saying I am a well educated and smart business person or are they screaming that I am an ignoramus? The way you write reveals so much about you and your business skills. Your writing tells the reader about your educational background, whether you have pride in your work and your level of business expertise. Any company with employees who write clearly and concisely has a competitive edge over other companies whose employees are still struggling to communicate. The lack of good writing skills in the business place can lead to excessive turnovers, loss of profits and high costs unless remedies are established. In our†¦show more content†¦The computer will scan for the correct spelling of the word, but has a homonym been incorrectly used thereby giving the wrong meaning for your sentence. The computer may send an error message to the reader that either isnt understood, t hey don’t have the writing skills to differentiate, or they were too lazy to check it out. Often a word may have been spelled correctly, but has not been used properly, or double typed. Another issue in using words is that the reader doesn’t know the meaning or the writer misuses the word themselves. Keep your writing simple and current. Write to your audience, using their level of knowledge on your subject. Be aware of certain crutches such as industry jargon and clichà ©s. Dont fall into the trap of using them. Be concise and remove any buzzwords that would lead the reader to misunderstand your document. You must keep up with todays business practices and expectations. You also don’t want to give the impression that your writing is too formal and outdated. Many of times we type what we want to say, rather than what we needed to write. Slipping into abbreviated dialogue is very easy to do instead of expressing a complete thought in your sentences. Perhaps, bec ause we are telephone oriented, the keyboard becomes an extension of our voice mail. Our messages are dominated by incomplete phrases and the reader is left to fill in the blanks. ThisShow MoreRelatedImportant Writing Skills in the Workplace1981 Words   |  8 PagesThe Importance of Writing Skills in the Workplace What are the words you write revealing about you? Are they saying I am a well educated and smart business person or are they screaming that I am an ignoramus? The way you write reveals so much about you and your business skills. Your writing tells the reader about your educational background, whether you have pride in your work and your level of business expertise. Any company with employees who write clearly and concisely has a competitive edgeRead MoreEffective Communication For The Workplace950 Words   |  4 Pages Someone once said great communication is a skill that is needed in life. I believe great communication can take an individual very far in life. Effective communication helps connect with people. It can open many doors for many jobs. It lets the employer know whom they have hired, and how intelligent the person really is. In the business profession, effective communication enables managers to give understandable instructions to their employees. Effective communic ation will help state what is expectedRead MoreWorkplace Literacy and Effective Communication1270 Words   |  6 PagesWorkplace Literacy and Effective Communication Recently, there has been a poorly written communication in the workplace, which has led to some hurt feelings, lower morale and possible loss of business. As a corporation, we have worked very hard to maintain the synergy though out our work environment. These latest events are starting to compromise multiple aspects of our company. First, we are losing control and perspective of our colleagues. Camaraderie and atmosphere are suffering, placing usRead MoreEssay about Workplace Literacy and Effective Communication1253 Words   |  6 Pages Recently, there has been a poorly written communication in the workplace, which has led to some hurt feelings, lower morale and possible loss of business. As a corporation, we have worked very hard to maintain the synergy thoughout our work environment. These latest events are starting to compromise multiple aspects of our company. First, we are loosing control and perspective of our colleagues. Camaraderie and atmosphere are suffering, placing us in jeopardy of destroying our active policies andRead MoreReflection On Simkin Et Al899 Words   |  4 Pagesuniversity students in America greatly lack the necessary writing skills to flourish in the workplace. In their 2012 paper â€Å"Student perceptions of their writing skills,† Simkin et al. outlined a variety of possible explanations for these troubling findings. They, however, chose to explore two of the many possible reasons for this rising writing problem: university students may be unaware of the importance of writing skil ls in the workplace or may possess the misconception that they are already goodRead MoreThe Importance of Listening Skills in the Workplace Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pages(Eunson 2012:310), argue the importance of listening skills in the workplace. Your analysis should identify three specific listening behaviors and provide examples to demonstrate how these skills promote communication and understanding. Support your analysis with relevant communication theory and evidence from appropriate academic sources. Listening skills play a significant role in evaluating communication capabilities in the workplace throughout the globe. It affects all kinds of interactionsRead More Essential Workplace Skills Essay example1596 Words   |  7 PagesWorkplace Essential Skills While working or while looking for work there are certain skills sets that are universally important. No matter what job or career path you have chosen these skills make it easier to obtain your goals, whatever they may be. Workplace essential skills enable people at work to do the tasks required by their occupation, give them the basics to learn all other skills (job and life) and assist them to manage and adapt to the changing workplace environment. TheyRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Sales Professionals900 Words   |  4 Pagesspending 41% of their time writing on the job. - Watson also works in an organization that is staffed by fewer than 50 people, although, he recorded on the survey that only 10% of his time is spent writing on his job. The CIW 2013 Report doesn’t specifically state what jobs within marketing prove that statistics but, with Watson primarily working with social media, this condenses his writing time. - One interesting finding was that professionals spend 39% of their time writing email, which has not changedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Devil Wears Prada 1660 Words   |  7 Pagescollege, it is helpful to do as much as you can to improve your skills and get experience in the field. Take high school courses involving the arts, writing, business, and communications. Read books in regards to fashion and the business. Read every fashion magazine edition and keep up with trends and fashion shows. Build your network by blogging and creating social media accounts specifically for fashion. Intern to improve your skills, add experience, and make connections with people in the fieldRead MoreTo What Extent Are Employers Looking for Communication Skills in University Graduates?1420 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This essay will discuss and detail what potential employers look for in graduates when they leave their respect universities and to what extent are communication skills important to them. In order to completely understand the question key terms need to be explained. Communication is usually described as the exchange of information from one person to another through written or spoken words, symbols and or actions to reach a common understanding (Boddy, 2008). The term graduate relates

The Difference between Terrorism and Domestic Terrorism Essay

The terms terrorism and domestic terrorism are very similar concepts. There are, however, slight differences in each. Entities that are apart of the Government have slightly different ways of explaining what they believe to be the correct definition of terrorism and domestic terrorism. In this paper the author will offer definitions of the two terms and state which one they agree with the most. The author will also state how the two terms are best differentiated. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines terrorism on the basis of three characteristics. In order for an act to be considered terrorism, it needs to be (1) a violent act, or acts dangerous to human life that violates laws; (2) appear to be intended (i) to intimidate or†¦show more content†¦They elucidate that terrorism is a â€Å"premeditated, politically motivated, violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups of clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience,† (National Institute of Justice). All of the definitions that the author has presented tend to share a common theme. In each of the previous definitions, the use of force that is intended to coerce or sway a course of action that furthers a social, or political goal. In most cases, the FBI definition is the one most widely used and accepted by law enforcement entities (National Institute of Justice). The author seconds that the FBI definition is the one that she agrees with the most. The FBI definition seems like the only one that doesn’t leave anything out. It is the most descriptive, and unlike the American Heritage definition, it broadens the scope of terrorists from being a certain type of group to the possibility of it being just one man or woman. The FBI also gives a definition of domestic terrorism that is very similar to its definition of terrorism, but has a minor difference. Like terrorism, there are three characteristics that need to be met in order to define an act as domestic terrorism. The first characteristic is that it needs to involve acts that are dangerous to human life that violate federal or state laws. The second characteristic is it needs to appear intended to (i) intimidate or coerce civilian population; (ii) influence policies of aShow MoreRelatedTerrorist Attacks On The World Trade Center1170 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent than the dangers of terrorism at a global scale: domestic terrorism. At its core, domestic terrorism differs from any other type of terrorism in the sense that those who carry it out are citizens or permanent residents of a given country and who inflict violence and intimidation against their fellow citizens or permanent residents in the pursuit of political aims (Sharpe, 2000, p. 606). In that sense, domestic terrorism may also be called homegrown terrorism. Perhaps the best, and mostRead MoreTerrorism from Above vs.Terrorism from Below1236 Words   |  5 PagesTerrorism from above is known as state terrorism, state terrorism is not always a straightforward process in fact it is usually a covert, secret policy that allows states to claim deniability when accused of sponsoring terrorism. There are several ways to spot terrorism from above and can be included many different aspects. Sponsors of terrorism in terrorism from above, this means the state actively promotes terrorism and has been deemed what the U.S. call a rogue state. There are also enablersRead MoreA Brief Note On The Terrorism And Terrorism1064 Words   |  5 PagesPaper Homegrown Terrorism Terrorism is terrorist activity either made on one’s homeland or made on another person’s country, which is/has become a huge concern for the United States. After the attacks of September 11, 2001, the US has taken huge measures to make sure there were not foreign attacks made on US soil again, but what about domestic attacks? The attacks of 9/11 left more than 3,000 civilians dead and more injured, but the number of deaths caused by homegrown terrorism far exceeds thatRead MoreFree Movement Policy1318 Words   |  6 PagesEmpirical Research Question Has the implementation of the European Union’s free movement policies led to a rise in domestic terrorism throughout its member states? Why In game theory, one of the more fascinating parts of current research is on how people make decisions that are sometimes against their own long-term interests if it gives a positive initial reaction. Sometimes, this can be extended to when an actor cannot reasonably determine their situation or its variables. This is an attemptRead MoreFederal Bureau Of Investigation ( Fbi ) Defines Terrorism1693 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The federal bureau of investigation (FBI) defines terrorism as the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, and/or any segment thereof. If one makes the argument that BLM is a terrorist group the ideology of the movement must fit within the framework stated above. First, BLM stands for â€Å"Black Lives Matter†. It, in itself is nothing more than a concept about which all else revolves. It is true, theRead MoreAmerican Neo Orientalism And The Justification For The War On Terror 1426 Words   |  6 Pages‘War on Terror’ that institutionalized racially charged violence through the demonization of the Islamic ‘Other’. The US-led project to ‘save’ its identity serves to permanently etch within the American subconscious a false representation of modern terrorism in order to incite fear of the ‘Orient’ both abroad and within its borders. In the years following 9/11, the American contemporary security landscape has undergone a paradigm shift towards the adoption of neo-Orientalist ideals and the concomitantRead MoreTerrorism and Political Violence by Alex Schmid1312 Words   |  5 Pages Terrorism can be defined and viewed in many different ways. As discussed in â€Å"Terrorism and Political Violence,† by Alex Schmid, there are multiple frameworks in which terrorism can be defined (Schmid 2010, 197). In Schmid’s article, he discusses the five ways he feels terrorism can be looked at, terrorism as/and politics, terrorism as/and crime, terrorism as/and warfare, terrorism as/and communication and terrorism as/and religious fundamentalism (Schmid 2010, 197). This is interesting because itRead MoreRadicalisation And Radicalization Of Terrorism1513 Words   |  7 Pagesdecades, there has be in increase in international and domestic terrorism in the world. Due to major attacks such as the Oklahoma bombing and 9/11 has been the cause of this increase. Many other attacks had raised concerns of the use of modern technologies and the reality of radicalization of terrorism. Terrorism is one of the oldest tactics in history and yet one of the hardest to define. In a number of literature, it points out that terrorism is constantly evolving and it has been passed throughRead MoreKey Similarities And Differences Between Timothy Mcveigh And Al Shabaab Essay945 Words   |  4 Pages As we move past defining terrorism we are now looking to give it an identity. Terrorism is an act that is acted out by groups and individuals. There are always some command grounds in differences when you evalute one terrorist to another. Person or group. Some command areas might be methods of employement and desired end result. One of the biggest difference between terrorists (group or person) is politics or motivatoin behind the act and a countinuing agenda. In order to obtain data and provideRead MoreThe Law Enfor cement Operations Model1619 Words   |  7 PagesAs discussed in the next section, some critics of these types of responses to transnational terrorism argue that a law enforcement operations model should be applied rather than the law of armed conflict because of the nature of the operations that are involved. For instance, Kels notes that human rights advocates â€Å"insist upon a legal geography of war, whereby states must apply a law enforcement (rather than armed conflict) model to any hostilities conducted outside of universally recognized hot

Feminist Editors And The New Girl Glossies Fashionable Feminism

Question: Discuss about the Feminist Editors And The New Girl Glossies Fashionable Feminism Or Just Another Sexist Rag Answer: Background of Study Feminists and critics of media have been criticizing teen magazines for having limited content and promoting material on view of feminity(Keller 2011). Magazine editors often produces girl glossies in anti-feminist manner while developing a cultural output. This leads to third wave ethic that swings amidst cultural and corporate expectations. Editors sometimes have focused on individual empowerment but generally has created inequalities on societal levels. Application of theory The issue concerning fashionable feminism can be connected to feminist theory, which is an extension of feminism in theoretical or philosophical application(Negra 2009). The theory aims at understanding gender inequality that exists in the society by examining roles of women and men in their social roles. Findings Analysis When pop culture merges with corporate culture a tension is generated. Editors and individual agencies have an obsession with making feminism a fun with deployment of deliberate tactics(Arnot 2011). This is the third tactic as against the large political responsibility compared to being celebratory. Teen magazines or debates regarding glossy teen womens magazines are often made avenues for harmless pleasure as claimed by an editor. In the process they however generate oppressive gender ideology though magazines are treated as popular sources for feminism. Discussion Conclusion Analysing critical perspective of teen magazines it can be said that an advanced social change is needed, which editors have not yet achieved(McRobbie 2009). With creation of fun from teen magazines or wearing lipstick, the greater political substance of feminism is posed at a risk of being forgotten. There are certain contradictions to this study that suggests editors practical strategies to mainstream feminists contents where it often collides with anti-feminists contents. While the challenge does not lie in feminists individual expressions but it application in understanding related to c contemporary gender relations. Readers needs to be exposed to individual feminism as being the first step in understanding gender gaps in social change. Girls and women can in this manner be empowered as social group. Pertinent feedback has to be obtained from girls who read publications regarding their view pertaining to feminist content in teen magazine. With appropriate feedback process can a s ocietal change be brought about with change in editors mindset. The third wave of ethics concerns ways in which feminist content is sold across to its readers overlooking the hard work and dedication. Recommendations to the study and theory Corporate mainstream publications more readily accepts individual feminism in teen magazines. This discussion throws open a question whether teen publications is the future of feminism. From this discussion it can be understood that feminism needs to be represented with a broader attribute that does appeal for a social change rather than objectifying them as being fun. Reference Lists Arnot, M., Walkerdine, V., Letherby, G., Jeleniewski Seidler, V. (2011). Review Symposium: Angela McRobbie: The Aftermath of Feminism: Gender, Culture and Social Change London: Sage, 2009 (ISBN: 9780761970613), 184 pp.Sociology,45(4), 700-706. Keller, J. (2011, January). Feminist editors and the new girl glossies: Fashionable feminism or just another sexist rag?. InWomen's Studies International Forum(Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 1-12). Pergamon. McRobbie, A. (2009).The aftermath of feminism: Gender, culture and social change. Sage. Negra, D. (2009).What a girl wants?: Fantasizing the reclamation of self in postfeminism. Routledge.

The future of large face

The field of information technology is one of the fastest growing innovations in the world. Among the many innovations is the advent of the internet, which has brought many changes in to our society today among them being virtual-meeting technologies, digital document processing and telecommunication advances.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The future of large face-to-face meetings with regards to information technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More New technology tools such as the email, intranet, fax, video conferencing, chat or mobile phone conversations have contributed a lot in advancement of communication. This essay gives an insight on how the future of large face-to -face meetings is likely to be affected by more innovations in information technology. People hold meetings to discuss different ideas and aspects concerning them. Face to face, meetings are important as they help in building trust and con fidence among the individuals involved. However, these meetings are currently becoming outdated with the advent of virtual meeting technology and expansion of social media like Facebook and twitter. This is because they enable a faster way of communicating with people far away and help to save on time. Face to face, meetings are costly as people have to travel from one destination to another, Food, accommodation has to be availed to those attending, and organization of the venues may be very complex. Many companies have cut down these costs because of virtual meeting technologies. Technology has made it possible for some companies to import cheap labor from employees oversees as they do not necessary require them to be on site to carry out their responsibilities. Invention of webcams has caused video conferencing to be more preferred than face-to-face meetings though they were initially considered as an extra cost by some companies. Contrastingly, some information such as oneâ€℠¢s feeling is well communicated through facial expressions or hand gestures. In addition, some situations may not be handled perfectly through the social media or virtual meetings, as they need coordination, consensus, timing, persuasion, or even negotiation. These situations can only be achieved best through a personal face-to-face meeting.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Negotiating for important contracts such as building and construction requires all the parties involved to meet and discuss elements of the contract that may not be clear. Signing an agreement with minor mistakes can lead to serious consequences. Recruiting the best employees is the ultimate goal of any human resource department in any organization. This may not be easily achieved if carried out over internet as the employer may be looking for a certain character that can only be drawn from ones behavior during the interview. Holding a conversation with a person face-to-face may enable one to draw many conclusions such as the person’s passion, motivation, strengths, and weaknesses. This information is very valuable as one is able to understand clearly the individual he is dealing with. Some business entities are still adopting large face-to-face meetings though with well-defined purpose for long-term results. Although tight budgets may be a great constraint, they put more emphasis in establishing the impact of the meetings. They count their profits in terms of the outcomes in productivity achieved from those who attend the meeting. Some prefer to incur some losses at the beginning but gain good profits in future as an outcome of the ideas exchanged during meetings. In view of the above, the number of large face-to-face meetings held by different organizations has drastically reduced with the advent of information technology. Although some companies believe that integrating f ace-to-face meetings with internet technology would be only best option to be adopted in future, I strongly believe that more is yet to be discovered in the world of information technology. My opinion therefore is that these large face-to-face meetings will be eliminated by virtual meeting technology and social media in future.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The future of large face-to-face meetings with regards to information technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on The future of large face-to-face meetings with regards to information technology was written and submitted by user Allison H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Positions, Please

Positions, Please Positions, Please Positions, Please By Sharon Getting the right position is not just about making a good career move or finding your spot on the stage. There are several words that refer to the different positions in which you can lie. Some of these are not just about the body, but about the attitude. Here are some examples. In the 16th century, prone meant bending forward and downward. By the 18th century, it had taken on its modern meaning of lying flat. However, using prone implies that the front of the body is resting on the surface which supports it. In other words, youre lying on your front. In contrast, supine implies that youre lying on your back, a meaning it has had since the 15th century. Supine also means mentally or morally inert, according to the Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Prostrate also means lying down, but it has the additional sense of collapse, defeat and submission. Recumbent means lying down, often in a sleeping position and if you are reclining, though you may be lying down, you may also be leaning backwards, such as when youre propped up on a couple of pillows. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Is Irony? (With Examples)Latin Words and Expressions: All You Need to KnowSit vs. Set

The Houses of Windsor and Hanover

The Houses of Windsor and Hanover It is not at all unusual for European royal families to have bloodlines and names from foreign nations. After all, it was common for European dynasties over the centuries to use marriage as a political tool for empire-building. The Austrian Habsburgs even boasted of their talent in this regard: Let others wage war; you, happy Austria, marry.* (See  Austria Today  for more.) But few people are aware of how recent the British royal family name Windsor is, or that it replaced very German names. *The Habsburg saying in Latin and German: Bella gerant alii, tu felix Austria nube. - Laßt andere Krieg fà ¼hren, Du, glà ¼ckliches Ãâ€"sterreich, heirate. The House of Windsor The Windsor name now used by Queen Elizabeth II and other British royals only dates back to 1917. Before that the British royal family bore the German name Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha  in German). Why the Drastic Name Change? The answer to that question is simple: World War I. Since August 1914 Britain had been at war with Germany. Anything German had a bad connotation, including the German name Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Not only that, Germanys Kaiser Wilhelm was a cousin of the British king. So on July 17, 1917, to prove his loyalty to England, Queen Victorias grandson King George V officially declared that all descendants in the male line of Queen Victoria, who are subjects of these realms, other than female descendants who marry or who have married, shall bear the name Windsor. Thus the king himself, who was a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, changed his own name and that of his wife, Queen Mary, and their children to Windsor. The new English name Windsor was taken from one of the kings castles.) Queen Elizabeth II confirmed the royal Windsor name in a declaration following her accession in 1952. But in 1960 Queen Elizabeth II and her husband Prince Philip announced yet another name change. Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, whose mother had been Alice of Battenberg, had already Anglicized his name to Philip Mountbatten when he married Elizabeth in 1947. (Interestingly, all four of Philips sisters, all now deceased, married Germans.) In her 1960 declaration to the Privy Council, the Queen expressed her wish that her children by Philip (other than those in line for the throne) would henceforth bear the hyphenated name Mountbatten-Windsor. The royal familys name remained Windsor. Queen Victoria and the Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Line The British House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha) began with Queen Victorias marriage to the German Prince Albert of Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha in 1840. Prince Albert (1819-1861) was also responsible for the introduction of  German Christmas customs  (including the Christmas tree) in England. The British royal family still celebrates Christmas on December 24th rather than on Christmas Day, as is normal English custom. Queen Victorias eldest daughter, the Princess Royal Victoria, also married a German prince in 1858.  Prince Philip is a direct descendant of Queen Victoria through her daughter Princess Alice, who married another German, Ludwig IV, Duke of Hesse and by Rhine. Victorias son, King Edward VII (Albert Edward, Bertie), was the first and only British monarch who was a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. He ascended to the throne at the age of 59 when Victoria died in 1901. Bertie reigned for nine years until his death in 1910. His son George Frederick Ernest Albert (1865-1936) became King George V, the man who renamed his line Windsor. The Hanoverians (Hannoveraner) Six British monarchs, including Queen Victoria and the infamous King George III during the American Revolution, were members of the German House of Hanover: George I (ruled 1714-1727)George II (ruled 1727-1760)George III (ruled 1760-1820)George IV (ruled 1820-1830)William IV (ruled 1830-1837)Victoria (ruled 1837-1901) Before becoming the first British king of the Hanoverian line in 1714, George I (who spoke more German than English) had been the Duke of Brunswick-Là ¼neberg (der Herzog von Braunschweig-Là ¼neberg). The first three royal Georges in the House of Hannover (also known as the House of Brunswick, Hanover Line) were also electors and dukes of Brunswick-Là ¼neberg. Between 1814 and 1837 the British monarch was also the king of Hanover, then a kingdom in what is now Germany. Hanover Trivia New York Citys Hanover Square takes its name from the royal line, as does the Canadian province of New Brunswick, and several Hanover communities in the U.S. and Canada. Each of the following U.S. states has a town or township named Hanover: Indiana, Illinois, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia. In Canada: the provinces of Ontario and Manitoba. The German spelling of the city there is  Hannover  (with two ns).

Critical Thinking English- A New Earth Chapters Eight and Nine Essay

Critical Thinking English- A New Earth Chapters Eight and Nine - Essay Example It is all about holding on and never about letting go. Therefore, even I myself can only hardly comprehend the meaning of letting go, especially on the spiritual level. Nevertheless, perhaps, what we human beings have not noticed is that the more we try to hold on to something – no matter how much we love and value it, the more fear we experience. Fear is a debilitating phenomenon and it is real. If fear reaches its maximum in us, we would not be able to function as good individuals anymore and we react with anger even towards that thing that we have always held on to. The only way therefore to enjoy our lives without the fear is to let go. The process of letting go begins with the acceptance of the inevitability of change. This mere acceptance may bring about negative feelings in us or even more fear at first. Nevertheless, it will definitely eventually bring us the inner peace that we have always been longing for. This peace is the realization that the material comes only se condary to the spiritual. We can always let go of the material so that we can let go of the fear. When we have let go of things and when we have let go of fear and when we are filled with great peace, it is only then that we realize that we are powerful. In fact, as what Rilke said in â€Å"Buddha in Glory,† â€Å"Now you feel how nothing clings to you/ your vast shell reaches into endless space/ and there the rich, thick fluids rise and flow/ illuminated in your infinite peace† (Rilke). From Chapter 9, the line that appealed to me the most was â€Å"Don’t let a mad world tell you that success is anything other than a successful present moment† (162). Success is fleeting, and it is sweet because it only happens at a specific moment and deep down we know that the happiness that success brings will not last long. The society we live in as well as our educational system and everything else around us and within

U.S government control Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

U.S government control - Assignment Example tailed, and US government should have both prior warrant and probable cause before it can track any individual location by employing tracking devises (Goodlatte). Both the Fifth Amendment and the Fourteenth Amendment stipulate that no individual shall be divested of liberty, life or assets without due process of law. However, there are initiatives through the National Defense Authorization Act, 2012 to authorize the US military with the US President’s authorization to arrest any American citizens indefinitely without any due process on American soil. According to me, though it may help the government in its fight against terrorism, the authorization from any court for such action could help to minimize its abuse (Goodlatte). In Kelo v.New London, it was held by US Supreme court that eminent domain could be employed for attaching of any property owned by individual for economic development objectives. Due to this decision, many US state governments started to employ the power grabs to snatch away the private property from one individual and give it to another. According to me, this is against the Fifth Amendment and there should be initiatives to stop the abuses, the states and their local eminent domain power

North Richmond Street Essay Example for Free

North Richmond Street Essay The combination of emotions of loneliness, love, and the human condition of isolation will be the bridge by which the works, Araby by Joyce, Digging by Heaney, and The Stronger by Strindberg will be examined. Joyce’s story sets the reader up for a fantastical journey taking place at North Richmond Street. In Joyce’s personal style that mixes despondency and blindness. The story is set up to be themed after isolation, and the reader gets a sense of being ostracized. Joyce creates the scene by allowing the setting to have its own characterizations: such as the street being a blind street, the house being at the ‘blind end’. Even the two houses which Joyce disturbing includes in his personification seem conscious of their surroundings, so that the reader becomes fully aware of how eerily set is the landscape. Mangan’s sister is the obsession by which the narrator defines his daily routine. The description of this obsession allows the reader to forgo the likening to a sweetheart and delve into the less traveled trenches of a young boy’s heart and strike straight to love. The story however remains brilliant in its fantastical descriptions of the town, with violet skies, and the impatience of some of the characters. The ostracized nature of the story then becomes one of unrequited love which in its way begets loneliness, which is what troubles, and excites, the narrator, as Joyce writes, â€Å"†¦yet her name was like a summons to all my foolish blood. Her image accompanied me even in places the most hostile to romance. † It is in this power of speech which the narrator becomes entrapped. His lack of gumption defines his loneliness and yet he remains constant through his passion for her. Then, the conversation of going to Araby lights up the narrator’s life. It seems that the best and well thought out theme of the story is that of awe: awe of the girl he loves, and then awe of Araby, as Joyce writes, â€Å"I recognized a silence like that which pervades a church after a service. † However, this awe is short lived, and Joyce transports the reader back into that initial state of despondency and weariness of the human heart, as he writes, â€Å"Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger† and it is with this anger caused by lost determination, and love, that pervades the essence of the story. Along a similar vein, Seamus Heaney suggests in his poem Digging a slightly more cerebrally active loneliness. The danger in this poem becomes apparent in the first stanza in which the narrator suggests how the â€Å"pen rests; as snug as a gun†, which permits the reader to imagine a theme in the poem equivalent to Joyce’s isolation in Araby. The second stanza reveals an even more macabre scene in which the father of the poem is digging a grave: although the grave at this point may not be a literal grave but perhaps a grave built from years of a job digging potatoes, the essence of a son witnessing a father dig his own grave as it were suggests, not empathy for the parent but rather a gloomy sense of expectancy from the son. This expectancy allows the speaker to put the idea forth to the reader that acceptance of death can be met with anger and cynicism. This cynicism is highlighted by Heaney when he writes, â€Å"By God, the old man could handle a spade† and furthermore, â€Å"Just like his old man. † which tells the reader the speaker is seeing his own future played out from previous generations. Although hesitancy and awe are a bit twisted in this work of literature, the elements from Araby still remain the same; that of a mounting disparagement, in not gaining the things the speaker’s want and the feeling that they’ve met their limit and they fell short. In other words, both works created a world in which the main character in control of their fate was the lack of something: hope. There is no hope in either work; its essence is bashed away, especially in Heaney’s lines, â€Å"But I`ve no spade to follow men like them†. In the end of both stories, the theme of cynicism becomes apparent. The Stronger by August Strindberg is a play in which identity is the focus, and the human emotions which allow the characters to learn, advance, or perhaps share their life story, is trickled through to the reader through irony, and poor circumstances. The play begins with Frau X complaining about the other being alone on Christmas. Here the reader again is witness to the theme of isolation. Although in Araby the isolation was from the self’s inability to act in an emotional state, and in Heaney’s work the isolation was from breaking the tradition of digging, the speaker’s heritage passed from father to son, and ending in a grave, the isolation in The Stronger is one in which isolation is a choice. It is difficult at times to worry into the character’s psyche without knowing a background story of cause and effect but in The Stronger the feeling of choice in any given moment pervades the pages so strongly that the reader is left only with a feeling that the character’s purpose in wanting to be alone can only be given without a sense of despondency. It is with Frau X’s determination in becoming an identity outside of the personality of Mlle Y that best describes the climax of the play. There is action in this play as with the previous stories which suggest character development, whether or not it’s in a positive or negative way; it is progression in the character. Although love was an underscoring element in each story it is with the element of loneliness, and fear which allow each character to develop into themselves, and reveal their inner self to the reader that remains with the reader after the stories are told. In Joyce’s story the boy loves, but cannot act upon that love, being stultified by his emotional state, and driven into a type of fear of speaking, even to the woman who would have sold him a vase for his girl. In Heaney’s poem, the idea of escaping from a history of digging is troublesome, and yet he makes a choice to severe the bonds which could call him to the fate of his father, and father’s father. In The Stronger it is clear to the reader that choice is the main theme of the play; choice to become ones own person and not give into the demands of the other characters. Work Cited Portable Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing. 6th Edition. Maryland: Kirszner and Mandell Publishing Co. , Thomson Wordsworth, 2007.

Medieval Castles Essay -- essays research papers fc

Medieval Castles and their Interior   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although it is thought that medieval times were barbaric they too enjoyed many comforts we still do today. There is much more to the castle then its’ size or the stone arches inside which are still used in many homes today. Castles today are still flocked to by millions of people every year. Sometimes you even see copies of castles right here in the U.S.A but they are not quite the same. Although they were originally built to protect the King, Castles became more and more popular among other nobles as well. Each family castle had their own special design and touch but most castles of medieval times had a lot of the same basic elements in their interior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Within the shell keep and behind the great walls of these castles there was always one basic element: the great hall. It was often on the ground floor but sometimes it was raised to the second floor for extra security. â€Å"The great hall was a large one-room structure with a lofty ceiling†(Giess 58). This was where all the people of the castles slept (excluding the lord and the Lady). There was of course a great big curtain put up so the ladies would be separate from the men. It wasn’t until the end of the century when separate rooms were invented. The great hall was usually located in the very center of the castle and walls built out of stone surrounded the whole room. The entrance was in a sidewall near the lower end of the hall. An outside staircase would be built if the hall were on the second floor. The family would usually have its feasts in this room (Gies 60). For even more security they would have guards stand outside the great hall on all sides of the room so guests would feel safe when they were feasting (Nardo 57). Early halls were aisled like a church, with rows of wooden posts or stone pillars supporting the timber roof. Windows were equipped with wooden shutters secured by an iron bar but they were rarely glazed. It wasn’t until the13th century a king or a great baron might have white or greenish glass in the windows. Then later in the14th century that glazed windows were in every castle (Gies59).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the castle, the first floor or ground floor (it was sometimes called) was the actual earth itself. ... ...d. All that remains now are ruins that dot the countryside every where throughout England.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even though the castle has disappeared it has not been completely forgotten. Today many decorators and homeowners borrow and try to recreate the barbaric look. A lot of people find in quite romantic. People are reminded of royalty and all the important people during this period like King Arthur and Robin Hood. In conclusion, the Medieval Castle’s interior decoration began to have importance and much of its’ innovations are still used today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   WORKS CITED Nardo, Don. The Medieval Castle. California: Lucent Books, 1997. Singman, Jeffery L. Medieval Europe. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1999. Gies, Frances, et. al. Life in a Medieval Castle. New York: Thomas Crowell Company,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1974. â€Å"Interior Design.† World Book Encyclopedia. 1995. ed. Medieval Castles. 12 Dec 2001. http://www.castles-of-britain.com

Manage Own Performance in a Business Environment Essay

1: Understand how to plan and be accountable to others.1.1 There are a number of guidelines and procedures in place to enable me to do my job not only to the best of my ability but in a professional manner. In administration, there are procedures that need to be followed relating to various aspects of the job including correct procedures to, answer the telephone, confirming tickets, dealing with outgoing mail, rooms as well as other procedures. All of the administrators procedures are kept in a file at the office area where any member of admin staff can revise them as and when necessary. In my work place, these general procedures cover a wide range of skills used within any administration such as how to deal with a telephone call and how to used the office printer. They are available on the system for any staff member to review. 1.2 As a employee I am accountable to my employer. They have a right to see that my work is up to standard. Having a plan allows for my manager to see a quick overview of my daily tasks and allows them to check that I understand what needs to be done through out the day. It also helps to agree timescales and goals, and helps with performance managing.Planning skills allows me to be efficient and to successfull in my job.I have to be able to set and achieve targets and help others to do the same.1.3 The purpose for agreeing realistic targets for work is to keep everyone on task and focused, there is no point setting a target that is impossible to complete in the time scale given. Things will always get rushed and missed if the target is unrealistic. Work will not be done to the highest standard. However you should always push yourself at work. There should be a balance between the time it takes, how much work you have to do and making sure your work is to the highest standard. This wa y, everyone can contribute effectively and reach targets efficiently instead of struggling to achieve the impossible. 1.4 I need to make sure that the deadline is fair and be honest about how much work I can handle. When speaking to my manager I will gain respect by being straight about how much I can do. If I set too easy a target for myself I won’t be pushed to improve myself and it will be clear to my manager. If I make it impossible to reach my manager will be unimpressed by my inability to work out how long I need and missing the deadline. Setting targets is part of planning so the more accurately you can stick a plan usually the more likely you are to succeed. 1.5 The first thing I do in the morning is to prioritize my work. That is, place the most important job at the top; the least, at the bottom. When judging priorities, I need to do several things: I need to determine what is required. This is the number of jobs that need to be done. I need to figure out what is required. I need to ask myself â€Å"What must I do that nobody can or should do for me?† I have a list on which I write every target I need to Achieve and then I plan this around my day. If I’m stuck or behind on an important job I can ask my office manager Jack or other employees to help me. I don’t put everything into a ‘pending’ or ‘jobs to do’ file. I Classify my targets into those that are: both urgent and important (class 1) urgent (class 2) important (class 3) neither (class 4).1.6 So other people can help me when I am stuck and it doesn’t waste time. We can work as a team together to get the task finished.They can give me tips and say how I could improve my work.If someone is relying on a piece of work from me to complete their own tasks then it is important to keep them informed of where I am. By doing this I can also gain information on timescales, when this work needs to be completed. If I am unable to complete something by the time requested then other people will have to re-prioritise their own workloads to fit around me and by keeping them informed of my progress I can show where I am with my work.1.7 It respects people’s time and allows people to be better prepared for work, mentally, physically and tools-wise. It is respectful of the other person’s time to give him or her a good idea of what and how you want them to do something and when they need to start. If these plans change, respect demands that you infor m others involved of the changes to these plans. 1.8/1.9Computer crashingWork not getting savedPower cutsPhotocopier runs out of tonerPhotocopier runs out paper. All of these issues can be resolved very simply.Any technical fault that involves my computer I would report this to my manager or director. Things like photocopier running out of paper would be common sense I would fill the paper tray myself with the correct size and type of paper. If there is a jam I would try and resolve this myself without creating danger or ask somebody I would ask my manager who knows how to fix this. 1.10 The importance of learning from mistakes is so that you will not make the same mistakes (or similar mistakes) in the future, and you will thereby make more right decisions and fewer wrong decisions, and therefore will enjoy more success and less failure. Outcome 2: Understand how to behave in a way that supports effective working.2.1 The purpose of agreeing and setting high standards for work assures that each person tries their hardest and achieves there goals. By setting high standards you are showing a good example to the hole work team. Your building trust with your employer, it can give you benefits such as a pay raise or promotion and It gives you a great sense of satisfaction. You must always make sure you have the right amount of work for your time scale. This allows you to make sure your work is to the highest standard and isn’t rushed. I have learnt from working at h2o the its better to take a little bit longer doing something than doing it to quickly and having to go back and correct your mistakes. 2.2/2.3 I can set high standards of work by putting 100% into every task I do. By being the best I possibly can be. If I challenge myself in areas I will improve at my work, impress my employer and set a high example to all of the staff. By not challenging myself I am not learning anything. I should always take on new challenges if given them. This means I will earn new skills and will allow me to become experienced at my job. 2.4 If there are changes, its best to find out the purpose and make a plan, gather as much information as you can. Discuss the changes with your manager as understanding the situation helps you plan an appropriate course of action. Find out if the changes will affect your salary or benefits. There are always changes made in our workplace such a new office equipment, new staff, change in role. It gives me new challenges and experience. 2.5 The purpose of treating others with respect, honesty, and consideration is to treat others how you would like to be treated. To help people when you can. Never judge anyone and understand people as individuals. This gives people self confidence and positive a work environment. In my workplace we always listen and respect one another. 2.6 Behaviour is vital to the workplace because it can affect everyone. A person’s negative outlook can spend to those around that person. The workplace can immediately become a hostile environment due to the action or attitude of a single person. 2.7 Types of behaviour that display honesty, respect, and consideration are listening to others’ ideas and providing thoughtful feedback, being sensitive to the needs of others, seeking a solution that will benefit all, cooperating with everybody, treating others fairly and with dignity. Some negative behaviours are not listening to people, ignoring the opinions of others, having a selfish attitude, disregarding the efforts of others, and spreading false or hurtful information about others like spending rumours.

The Great Gatsby’s American Dream

The Great Gatsby's American Dream Corrupption â€Å"There are those, I know, who will reply that the liberation of humanity, the freedom of man and. mind, is nothing but a dream. They are right. It is. It is the American Dream. † (Archibald MacLeish). This quote talks about how the American Dream is only a dream. The American is a life of personal happiness and material comfort, and is traditionally sought by the individuals in the U. S. It is only a fantasy. Author F. Scott Fitzgerald shows a great example of the causes and affects the American Dream has on people during the 1920s in his novel, The Great Gatsby.Fitzgerald explains that the American Dream is unattainable through the characters and their actions and the symbolism throughout the novel. In the novel Fitzgerald indicates that the American Dream is unachievable through Gatsby’s unrealistic image of the dream. Gatsby has been in love with daisy for years and spent his life proving that he was worthy enough fo r her to leave her husband and take him back. Gatsby believed money could substitute for time: â€Å"Can’t repeat the past? [†¦]why of course you can[†¦] I’m going to fix everything just the way it was before[†¦]shell see†(Fitzgerald 117).Although Gatsby recreated his past environment with money, he could not recreate the past feelings that were destroyed by time. Gatsby’s dream is bigger than himself. Critic Casie E. Hermanson writes: â€Å"it is the attempt itself and the firm belief that he can achieve the impossible that makes Gatsby more than the sum of his reality† (Hermanson 78). Gatsby’s dream was more than his own reality. It was too big of a dream for him which is why he was not able to achieve it. After Gatsby’s was killed nick realizes that Gatsby’s dream of the East Egg was not all that it was set out to be.Nick says: â€Å"After Gatsby’s death the East was haunted for me like that, distorted beyond my eyes’ power of correction† (Fitzgerald 185). Nick later on in the novel realizes that Gatsby’s dream of the east was corrupt and it wasn’t as great as it was thought to be. Gatsby’s dream was not achieved, his dream killed him. Gatsby’s great American Dream was bigger than reality itself which is why it was not possible to achieve it. Fitzgerald uses lots of symbolism in his novel to get across the idea that the American Dream is not attainable. One of the symbolisms that Fitzgerald uses to symbolize the American Dream is Gatsby’s big mansion.Fitzgerald writes: â€Å"The one on my right was a colossal affair by any standard – it was a factual imitation of some Hotel de Ville in Normandy, with a tower on one side, spanking new under a thin beard of raw ivy, and a marble swimming pool, and more than forty acres of lawn and garden† (Fitzgerald 9). Gatsby’s mansion symbolizes that the American Dream causes p eople to spend money irresponsibly and to live selfish lives. Materialism seems to be everything people think they need to achieve the American Dream which is why it is not possible to achieve it.Fitzgerald also uses the Valley of Ashes to symbolize the American Dream not being possible to achieve. Fitzgerald writes: â€Å"This is the valley of ashes – a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens, where ashes take the form of houses and chimneys and rising smoke[†¦]of men dimly and already crumbling through the powdery air† (Fitzgerald 27). Fitzgerald uses the Valley of Ashes to symbolize the result of everyone’s pursuit of the American Dream and their pursuit of wealth. It is filled with ashes like it’s been burnt out and is filthy.It represents societal decay and is basically a dumping ground for everyone who has failed at achieving the American Dream. In the novel Fitzgerald always describes Daisy with l ight like she’s angelic. Critic Casie E. Hermanson writes: â€Å"Daisy is dressed in white and associated with light and sunshine throughout the novel [†¦] Gatsby’s own devotion to her has a permanence that Daisy cannot live up to , yet Gatsby seems committed to an idea of Daisy that he has created rather than to the real woman she is† (Hermanson 77). Daisy is always bright and described with light in the novel, which symbolizes Gatsby’s image of her that he has created.In his mind she is angelic and perfect and bright. But she is not the woman he thinks she is. She is far from being an angel. The symbolism that Fitzgerald used in the novel shows that the American Dream does not lead to any success. Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby is based around the immorality of the characters and how the unrealistic American Dream causes it. Gatsby’s American Dream causes him and Daisy to act immorally. â€Å"As he left the room again she got up and went over to Gatsby and pulled his face down kissing him on the mouth† (Fitzgerald 122). Gatsby’s dream is Daisy, who is one of the most immoral characters in the novel.As soon as Tom, Daisy’s husband, leaves the room Daisy cheats on him by kissing Gatsby. Gatsby’s Great American Dream was causing Daisy to be immoral and cheat on her husband. The American Dream is only causing immorality in the characters’ lives because it is so unrealistic and unreachable to Gatsby. Gatsby needed wealth to achieve his dream, eventually Tom figures out how he really got his wealth. â€Å"I found out what your ‘drug stores’ were. [†¦] He and this Wolfshiem bought up a lot of side-street drug stores here and in Chicago and sold grain alcohol over the counter [†¦] I picked him a bootlegger the first time I saw him†(Fitzgerald 139).Gatsby’s only way of achieving his dream and winning back Daisy’s love is by becoming wealt hy, so he became a bootlegger. Which is why Daisy chose Tom instead of Gatsby, it was a safer pick. Gatsby’s American Dream was so unrealistic and bigger than himself that he had to resort to immoral crime to try and achieve it. Not only does Gatsby create his own American Dream, but he recreates his whole past with lies to make his dream attainable. While Nick, the narrator of the novel, was getting to know Gatsby he caught him in his own lies when Gatsby told him that it took him three years to earn the money for his mansion. I thought you inherited your money†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ I did old sport [†¦] but I lost most of it in the big [†¦] panic of the war. † (Fitzgerald 95). Nick was surprised when Gatsby claimed that he earned the money to buy his house because Gatsby had preciously told Nick that he lived off of the money he inherited from family. Gatsby’s American Dream is not only causing him to commit crimes and try and steal a married woman from her husband, it also causes him to live a lie and make everyone around him believe his lie of a life.The American Dream is causing all of this immorality because it is not realistic and it is nothing more than a fantasy. Fitzgerald’s, The Great Gatsby, indicates through its characters and their behaviors and through the symbolism in the novel that the American Dream is unrealistic and cannot be achieved. From Gatsby’s unrealistic, bigger than himself image of the dream and the crimes and lies that he goes through to attempt to achieve the dream and from the immorality and the other characters actions it is indicated that the American Dream is nothing but a dream.It cannot be achieved especially not with the unrealistic images that Gatsby and some of the other characters create in their minds about the dream. The topic of the American Dream is still important in the real world because it sets a goal. Although sometimes the goal for people to work hard for. It gives peop le a purpose or something to dream of and try and work hard to achieve. Of course it is sometimes highly unlikely that a person will achieve the dream but it gives a sense of hope or something to look forward to.

The multiculturalism into which American Literature has developed

The multiculturalism into which American Literature has developed If someone had to inquire about the multicultural problem that we face today, then probably majority of the answers would still lie on the racial differences just as in the early settings. The answers would focus on issue of American foreigners who were incidentally native through their family link of various American generations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The multiculturalism into which American Literature has developed specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The multicultural literature once dominated by white text has greatly transformed and many writers floods the same literature that has over the time accused various races in terms of ignorance, violence, crime, immoral, brutal, and uncontrollable feral passions among other forms of un-civilization. Currently, the syllabus on American literature has to meet the diversity enhancements as mandated in the university requirements. Revisions on career outline indicate that there is a wide difference between what students learn about the contemporary world, and the historical perspectives regarding multicultural settings. Students are today able to embrace all the current literature about culture because all the materials are new and are remarkably free from the historical prejudices. The world studied today is quite different from what existed in the past. There is lack of the exclusivities in teaching methods and literature learning in current American literature. There is an overwhelming change over the confined nature of past-institutionalized form of study where the teachers in the subject matter directed or were in control over the topics of discussions. The development is evident in current discussions, for instance it is possible to find authentic discussions regarding African-American studies, Lesbianism studies or even various forms of music evolution studies such as analysis of Jazz music evolution. Students have overcome the societal inequities brought about by the civil right era, which in some cases become more insidious especially during the last quarter of the twentieth century. Students are currently willing to have open discussions of multicultural issues and therefore the teachers conduct the proceedings non-dogmatically by allowing different point of views. There is development on language and aesthetic as well especially on issues relating to power of translating native languages. The current study of American literature provides excitement, satisfaction, surprise, criticism and doubt among readers, which maintain the zeal and anxiety over diversification of culture. Majority of recently written literature about multiculturalism voices the victims by giving them opportunity to share experiences.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is clear indication of how various cultures in Americ a enriches the society through sharing of cultural differences and arts. The mutual interaction and assimilation expands the multicultural perspectives through learning and appreciation of ethnic heritage. Current multicultural literature has a close description touching on assimilation of American cultures. Most of the current literature writes have explanation indicating their pride of belonging to a multicultural community while still being able to retain the unique heritage of their origin unlike prejudiced historical writings. Today’s literature indicates that there is evident push from Americans who advocate to participate in multicultural practices and experiences for instance through appreciation of foreign art, music or food. Literature writers immerse the American literature into the vibrant cultures by depicting the positive differences and benefits they represent. The past couple of decades have seen culturally related wars over the procedures of teaching American literature. Heated debates over multiculturalism have spread beyond the college books to news materials such as magazines, thus enticing mixed reactions. Some people feel that American literature is failing, while others see the situation is a transformation of teaching methods. Classical and traditional literature that writers forgot or overlooked is finding a transformation through modernized form of interpretation. There are hopes for the twenty-first century for the reason that more challenges will enrich the abandoned American literature and heritage with more positive or diverse analysis of the traditions.

About Joseph Eichler and West Coast Modernism

About Joseph Eichler and West Coast Modernism Real estate developer Joseph L. Eichler was not an architect, but he revolutionized residential architecture. In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, many suburban tract homes in the United States were modeled after Eichler Houses built by Joseph Eichlers firm. You dont have to be an architecture to have an impact on architecture! Background: Born: June 25, 1901 to European Jewish parents in New York City Died: July 25, 1974 Education: Business degree from New York University Early Career: As a young man, Joseph Eichler worked for a San Francisco-based poultry business owned by his wifes family. Eichler became treasurer for the company and moved to California in 1940. Influences: For three years, Eichler and his family rented Frank Lloyd Wrights 1941 Usonian style Bazett House in Hillsborough, California. The family business was facing a scandal, so Eichler launched a new career in real estate. At first Eichler constructed conventional homes. Then Eichler hired several architects to apply Frank Lloyd Wrights ideas to suburban tract homes for middle class families. A business partner, Jim San Jule, helped craft shrewd publicity. An expert photographer, Ernie Braun, created the images that promoted Eichler Homes as carefree and sophisticated. About Eichler Homes: Between the 1949 and 1974, Joseph Eichlers company, Eichler Homes, constructed about 11,000 houses in California and three houses in New York state. Most of the West Coast homes were in the San Francisco area, but three tracts, including Balboa Highlands, were developed near Los Angeles and remain popular to this day. Eichler was not an architect, but he sought out some of the best designers of the day. For example, the celebrated A. Quincy Jones was one of Eichlers architects. Today, Eichler neighborhoods like the one at Granada Hills in San Fernando Valley have been designated historic districts. The Significance of Eichler: Eichlers company developed what became known as the California modern style, but he also was instrumental in the growing Civil Rights movement. Eichler became known for advocating fair housing during an era when builders and realtors often refused to sell homes to minorities. In 1958, Eichler resigned from the National Association of Home Builders to protest the organizations policies of racial discrimination. In the end, Joseph Eichlers social and artistic ideals cut into business profits. The value of Eichler Homes declined. Eichler sold his company in 1967, but continued to build houses until he died in 1974. Learn More: More About Eichler Homes Eichler Homes: Design for Living by Jerry Ditto, 1995Eichler: Modernism Rebuilds the American Dream by Paul Adamson, 2002People in Glass Houses: The Legacy of Joseph Eichler (DVD) References: History of Eichler Homes, Eichler NetworkSaving the Tract House by Karrie Jacobs, The New York Times, May 15, 2005 Additional Source: Pacific Coast Architecture Database at https://digital.lib.washington.edu/architect/architects/528/ [accessed November 19, 2014]

Importance of education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Importance of education - Research Paper Example According to Dewey, â€Å"all the differences between peoples and between classes and persons among the same people were said to be due to differences of training, of exercise, and practice (81).† This is the reason he stressed that the essential identity of mind â€Å"means the essential equality of all and the possibility of bringing them all to the same level (81)† While there are flaws to this reasoning because of the practical unlimited power and exclusivity ascribed to it as an equalizer, it underscores the point that education provides dignity to man because it empowers him in the areas of discernment, judgment, memory, and skill, among other intellectual activities. Education, here, provides the foundation and the resources for man to develop to his utmost potential. This is best illustrated by the analogy of Murray and Bentley (1827) when they said that the human soul is akin to a marble in a quarry without education: â€Å"Education, after the same manner, wh en it works upon a noble mind, draws out every latent virtue and perfection (40)† On a more pragmatic front, education is credited to allow people economic success. Although getting an education by itself does not guarantee financial rewards, the growing complexity of tasks in manufacturing and other industries may have become a more important element in determining the career and earnings paths of individuals† in the modern world (Levy and Michel 109). One can probably see this in the more contemporary experience wherein the more educated sector are less likely to feel the brunt and pressures of the lackluster economic performance in America and elsewhere. â€Å"It is the less educated young who will see the greatest declines in their economic status as a result of these [economic] trends (109)† Education provides the tools, resources and a little, too, of prestige that allows to be the preferred individuals to play the roles in the economic

Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Human Resource - Essay Example Essentially, it points directly to the contributions of the employees with regards to the underlying bottom line of the company by delineating employees as an invaluable resource. In order to fully understand this notion, it is necessary for us to operationally define human resource management. Simms (2002) offers one of the most clear and concise definition of human resource management when he indicated that human resources management was: the term increasingly used to refer to the philosophy, policies, procedures, and practices related to the management of an organization’s employees. Human resources management is particularly concerned with all the activities that contribute to successfully attracting, developing, motivating, and maintaining a high-performing workforce that results in organizational success (Sims 2002). One of the primary functions of human resource management is to improve knowledge, skills and attitudes that enable employees to perform current and future jobs in order to help organizations achieve success. (Rothwell & Kazanas 1994). In fact Philip and Shaw (1998) stated that an integral part of human resource management needs to be that of training the employees and equipping them to deal with the rapid change in technology. This is tied into many other human resource functions such as recruitment, retention, creation of new positions, work systems and performance management systems. These systems would need to be aligned with the organizations missions and goals. Alignment would ensure that the training offered is what is required to achieve the mission and goals of the organization. Training is a very broad term that has many definitions and uses in the literature. Training is the process of getting the right knowledge, skills and abilities at the right time, in the correct way and in the correct priority order to an employee. The training process is aimed at preparing individuals to perform current and future jobs (DeSimone &

Quantitative Methods for Business Report Outline

Quantitative Methods for Business Report - Outline Example Therefore, it is the quality of the employees, rather than their quantity, that affects how the business will perform. To establish which factors is likely to affect business profitability more, between the number of employees and the employees’ turnover in a business, a sample of 30 banking institutions was studied. The reason for selecting banking institutions is the fact that; banking institutions mainly deal with offering financial services to the customers (Gitman & McDaniel, 2009 p188). Additionally, banking institutions operates under a competitive industry, where poaching of employees by other banks, microfinance institutions or insurance companies is highly experienced. The banking sector also entails the offer of services, where the employees of the banks interact directly with the customers, a necessary factor in this study, since the level of customer satisfaction influences their confidence and loyalty to the business, and the consequent performance and profitability of the business (Aamodt, 2010 p395). Thus, the selection of banking institutions as the samples for this study pro vided the most plausible means of assessing how the employee turnover and the number of employees affect the profitability of the businesses. The analysis was undertaken by approaching the 30 different banking institutions, and requesting them for the data regarding the number of employees within the period 2005 to 2010. Additionally, the information regarding the number of employees who have been recruited by the institutions and the ones who have left the institutions, for other reasons other than retirement was collected. The information regarding the profitability of the businesses during this period was also collected. The study also entailed the collection of information regarding the training programs of the banking institutions, and the amount of resources they have been committing towards the training of any single employee. This

Analysing Dasein According To Heidegger Philosophy Essay

Analysing Dasein According To Heidegger Philosophy Essay Martin Heidegger was a student of Husserl and even dedicated his book Being and Time to him. However, he ended up going against a lot of Husserls ideas. Where Husserls phenomenology is a phenomenology of description of objects and how they present themselves to us, Heideggers is a phenomenology of understanding and interpretation. As he says in Being and Time (1973: 25), Heideggers phenomenology is not pure, again going against his teacher, as Husserl strove for a pure phenomenological attitude he incorporates existential ontology into his phenomenology, which means being historically situated in the world. Husserl wilfully chose to leave history unexamined because of the implications it would have had on his science historical context would have made it impure. Heideggers phenomenology is almost hermeneutical (understanding and interpreting our historically lived situation through texts), so much so he applies this hermeneutical approach to human beings. Heidegger wants to move away from subject (that which remains unchanging) and consciousness and look at Being and his concept of Dasein. This essay will examine Heideggers concept of Dasein as a movement away from Husserls concept of consciousness of objects and subjectivity. It will begin by explaining what Dasein is and is not. Looking at it as ontologically situated in the world as having an understanding of the meaning of Being. It will then move on to looking at Dasein as the entity of all entities and seeking for the meaning of Being. This will lead onto the concept of the they-self and everydayness and how Dasein is situated in these which will inevitably move onto anxiety as a means of getting from the they to the my. This will link into the authentic and inauthentic self authentic being one-self and inauthentic being the they-self. Dasein literally means Being-there (Polt, 1999:29). It is not consciousness and it is not a person. It is not simply existence or a thing in the world. It is a verb to exist. Dasein is no-thing. It is the essential structure of a human being the way of Being of a human being. It is not static in the world, but active towards the world (towards the world coming back to Husserls idea of objects giving themselves towards the world). Dasein exists understandingly having the understanding of the meaning of Being ontologically always historically mediated. Dasein is ontological insofar as it understands the meaning of Being it only has an opaque and vague understanding of Being but it has some. (Heidegger, 1973: 31). Dasein is the condition of possibility of the world so it can be considered transcendental. However, at its simplest Dasein is just Being in the world. Heidegger refers to Beings as entities entities are anything that has existence (Polt, 1999: 2). He mentions that ). Entities are ontical they are out there in the world. Dasein is the entity that is distinct from all other entities in that it is out there and it exists towards the world. It is the entity of all entities. As Heidegger says in Being and Time (1973: 32), Entities present themselves towards the world simply as they are in their being. Heidegger is interested in the meaning of Being. Things are but Being is nowhere you cannot point to Being or Dasein like you can point to an object. Dasein is no-thing. We need to witness the no-thing of our Being we need to look for the meaning of our Being or at least have an understanding of it. Human existence Dasein is being interrogated. The Being of our being is been asked about. To get to the meaning of Being, we must first go through the human being and the Dasein. To do this, Heidegger talks about seeking (ibid: 24). When we look for something we must have an idea of what we are looking for we cannot look for something we have no experience of. Dasein is primordially temporal in three ways 1. Existence: Daseins potentiality for Being projects Being on various possibilities. 2. Thrownness: Represents Daseins structure phenomenon of the past that represents past as having been historically. It could be argued that we are forced to be who we are because of our past we 3. Falleness: Being alongside Daseins place among other Daseins made possible by those present and being in the world. It is the result of being thrown into the world from the past (ibid: 76). As Polt (1999:76) says, . The human needs to be taken away from this simple subjectivity and looked at in the broader sense I am as they. This is where the concept of Das-Man or the they-self comes into play. Dasein has an aspect to itself as a they-self. The opinions that are out there. What other people tell us about ourselves determines us. In the they-self, the Dasein is comfortable; it seeks refuge in the they-self. There is a tranquilising familiarity of the they -self. In the they-self we feel at home but philosophy is not about feeling at home. We are on the run from our meaning of Being we are on the run from ourselves. The they-self defines who we are so we can never really get out of it fully. The they-self is everydayness. Dasein has to retrieve itself from the Das-Man in order to truly be itself. To do this, Heidegger says we must undergo anxiety. Heidegger asks how do we get form the they to the my? Husserl suspends the empirical or natural attitude for the phenomenological. It is a wilful suspension. For Heidegger, suspension is affective and comes in the form of anxiety. He also wants to suspend the natural attitude for the phenomenological, but for him, he calls the natural attitude, the everyday. I am affected by anxiety. When I am anxious Im brought back to my proper Dasein. Anxiety is how we get from the they to the my. Heidegger says that we should let anxiety overcome us in order to get back to my-self or one-self. However, one-self is a task for Dasein, as Dasein is an entity concerned by its own being and is comforted by the they-self. We are anxious about our being in the world our Being is determined by the fact that sometime we will not be in the world. My Being towards death is an indeterminable determinacy there is something indeterminate about death, but it determines me. In this anxiousness we emancipate ou rselves from the they-self. Letting anxiety overwhelm us, is the only way to get to our authentic self. Heidegger says that we are merely actors in our daily lives and that we have to get back to who we really are. This is where authenticity and inauthenticity comes into practice. Dasein encompasses both the authentic and inauthentic. There is a Dasein of the they and a Dasein of the my. Authenticity is who I am it can be argued that we are trying to get back to our authentic selves. For the most part we are inauthentic and improper we live through the they-self in everydayness. In the they-self the authentic self is dormant. However, we can never fully leave one or get into the other. Heidegger (in Keane, N., 1927: 65) says, Silence, according to Heidegger is how we get back to our-self our authentic self. Not saying anything at all, says more than idle-talk. As he says in Being and Time (1973: 213), Being as Dasein is Being toward the world. Being toward the world means concern. ). Heidegger says in Being and Time (1973: 237), that at its most basic level, Being-in-the-world is care. As such, Dasein is fundamentally care. Dasein is always out ahead of itself it is born into a world that already has meaning. Caring implies things that matter to us so we do care about our Being (Polt, 1999: 79). Dasein is human existence. It is the way of Being for human beings. At its most basic it is Being-in-the-world humans existence in the world. It is the entity of all entities so it can be argued that it is the way of Being over all other ways of Being of human beings. Dasein lives through the world in the everyday sense of the they-self. We are what other people perceive us to be. We can only truly be our authentic self by undergoing anxiety and letting it overwhelm us. Dasein can be understood as the essence of human existence having lived through its historically lived situation. It is a part of a fundamental ontology. Dasein is active towards the world as having a history by living through the world. It has to try find (seeking) its authentic self or owness through anxiety. Dasein is basically Being-there Being-in-the-world.

The Waterfall :: Place Essay, Description Essaay

Visiting a waterfall, especially on a hot sultry day, can be a favorite way to spend a day. You get in your car, drive for miles, then get out and walk the remainder of the way to a waterfall. Civilization has cleared and marked a pathway for you and the many thousands like you who have come to enjoy these named landmarks. Rarely do you get to enjoy the natural beauty of one by just stepping out into your own backyard. Behind my house, barely noticeable, is a trail leading through the woods to a waterfall. The trail is narrow but well worn. Any shrubbery that would have grown has been trampled down and all that is left is a very narrow path, overhung with branches from the trees that mark its sides. As I start down the trail, I begin to feel the trees closing around me until the house can no longer be seen. I follow the trail to where it stops at the creek's edge, approaching quietly so as not to disturb any of the wild creatures that has come to enjoy the cool fresh water. I gently cross over the creek using the stones, which show the wear of several previous crossing, so that I can have full view of the creek and the beauty it possesses. I can hear the rush of the water long before I see the falls. As I sit down on the big gray slate rock that has been warmed by the early morning sun, I begin to gulp in the beauty as a starving man would gulp down food. I start my usual ritual of examining the banks of the creek by gazing down the right side of it first. I notice that the wild azaleas are in full bloom and that the trees have regained all their leaves. They stand tall and majestic as if they are soldiers standing guard. My gaze travels up one of the trees to find two squirrels chattering down at me as if to say "Go away and leave us in peace." Further down starts the gentle bend that takes the remainder of the creek from my view. My gaze shifts to the left side of the bank and there lies an old oak tree that has fallen long ago. It still lies partially upon its stump so that it looks like the shape of an "L".

Ansys Tutorial Release 12.1

 ® ANSYS Tutorial Release 12. 1 Structural & Thermal Analysis Using the ANSYS Release 12. 1 Environment Kent L. Lawrence Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of Texas at Arlington SDC PUBLICATIONS www. SDCpublications. com Schroff Development Corporation Visit the following websites to learn more about this book: ANSYS Tutorial 2-1 Lesson 2 Plane Stress Plane Strain 2-1 OVERVIEW Plane stress and plane strain problems are an important subclass of general threedimensional problems. The tutorials in this lesson demonstrate:  ¦Solving planar stress concentration problems. Evaluating potential inaccuracies in the solutions.  ¦Using the various ANSYS 2D element formulations. 2-2 INTRODUCTION It is possible for an object such as the one on the cover of this book to have six components of stress when subjected to arbitrary three-dimensional loadings. When referenced to a Cartesian coordinate system these components of stress are: Normal Stresses ?x, ? y, ? z Shear Stresses ? xy, ? yz, ? zx Figure 2-1 Stresses in 3 dimensions. In general, the analysis of such objects requires three-dimensional modeling as discussed in Lesson 4.However, two-dimensional models are often easier to develop, easier to solve and can be employed in many situations if they can accurately represent the behavior of the object under loading. 2-2 ANSYS Tutorial A state of Plane Stress exists in a thin object loaded in the plane of its largest dimensions. Let the X-Y plane be the plane of analysis. The non-zero stresses ? x, ? y, and ? xy lie in the X – Y plane and do not vary in the Z direction. Further, the other stresses (? z,? yz , and ? zx ) are all zero for this kind of geometry and loading.A thin beam loaded in its plane and a spur gear tooth are good examples of plane stress problems. ANSYS provides a 6-node planar triangular element along with 4-node and 8-node quadrilateral elements for use in the development of plane stress models. We will use both triangles and qua ds in solution of the example problems that follow. 2-3 PLATE WITH CENTRAL HOLE To start off, let’s solve a problem with a known solution so that we can check our computed results as well as our understanding of the FEM process. The problem is that of a tensile-loaded thin plate with a central hole as shown in Figure 2-2.Figure 2-2 Plate with central hole. The 1. 0 m x 0. 4 m plate has a thickness of 0. 01 m, and a central hole 0. 2 m in diameter. It is made of steel with material properties; elastic modulus, E = 2. 07 x 1011 N/m2 and Poisson’s ratio, ? = 0. 29. We apply a horizontal tensile loading in the form of a pressure p = -1. 0 N/m2 along the vertical edges of the plate. Because holes are necessary for fasteners such as bolts, rivets, etc, the need to know stresses and deformations near them occurs very often and has received a great deal of study.The results of these studies are widely published, and we can look up the stress concentration factor for the case s hown above. Before the advent of suitable computation methods, the effect of most complex stress concentration geometries had to be evaluated experimentally, and many available charts were developed from experimental results. The uniform, homogeneous plate above is symmetric about horizontal axes in both geometry and loading. This means that the state of stress and deformation below a Plane Stress / Plane Strain 2-3 orizontal centerline is a mirror image of that above the centerline, and likewise for a vertical centerline. We can take advantage of the symmetry and, by applying the correct boundary conditions, use only a quarter of the plate for the finite element model. For small problems using symmetry may not be too important; for large problems it can save modeling and solution efforts by eliminating one-half or a quarter or more of the work. Place the origin of X-Y coordinates at the center of the hole. If we pull on both ends of the plate, points on the centerlines will move al ong the centerlines but not perpendicular to them.This indicates the appropriate displacement conditions to use as shown below. Figure 2-3 Quadrant used for analysis. In Tutorial 2A we will use ANSYS to determine the maximum horizontal stress in the plate and compare the computed results with the maximum value that can be calculated using tabulated values for stress concentration factors. Interactive commands will be used to formulate and solve the problem. 2-4 TUTORIAL 2A – PLATE Objective: Find the maximum axial stress in the plate with a central hole and compare your result with a computation using published stress concentration factor data.PREPROCESSING 1. Start ANSYS, select the Working Directory where you will store the files associated with this problem. Also set the Jobname to Tutorial2A or something memorable and provide a Title. (If you want to make changes in the Jobname, working Directory, or Title after you’ve started ANSYS, use File > Change Jobname or Di rectory or Title. ) Select the six node triangular element to use for the solution of this problem. 2-4 ANSYS Tutorial Figure 2-4 Six-node triangle. The six-node triangle is a sub-element of the eight-node quadrilateral. 2.Main Menu > Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete > Add > Structural Solid > Quad 8node 183 > OK Figure 2-5 Element selection. Select the triangle option and the option to define the plate thickness, otherwise a unit thickness is used. 3. Options (Element shape K1) > Triangle, Options (Element behavior K3) > Plane strs w/thk > OK > Close Plane Stress / Plane Strain 2-5 Figure 2-6 Element options. 4. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete > Add > OK Figure 2-7 Real constants. Enter the plate thickness of 0. 01 m. ) >Enter 0. 01 > OK > Close Figure 2-8 Enter the plate thickness. 2-6 ANSYS Tutorial Enter the material properties. 5. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models Material Model Number 1, click Structural > Line ar > Elastic > Isotropic Enter EX = 2. 07E11 and PRXY = 0. 29 > OK (Close the Define Material Model Behavior window. ) Create the geometry for the upper right quadrant of the plate by subtracting a 0. 2 m diameter circle from a 0. 5 x 0. 2 m rectangle. Generate the rectangle first. . Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners Enter (lower left corner) WP X = 0. 0, WP Y = 0. 0 and Width = 0. 5, Height = 0. 2 > OK 7. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Circle > Solid Circle Enter WP X = 0. 0, WP Y = 0. 0 and Radius = 0. 1 > OK Figure 2-9 Create areas. Plane Stress / Plane Strain 2-7 Figure 2-10 Rectangle and circle. Now subtract the circle from the rectangle. (Read the messages in the window at the bottom of the screen as necessary. ) 8.Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Operate > Booleans > Subtract > Areas > Pick the rectangle > OK, then pick the circle > OK (Use Raise Hidden and Reset Picking as necessary. ) Figure 2-11 Geo metry for quadrant of plate. Create a mesh of triangular elements over the quadrant area. 9. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free Pick the quadrant > OK Figure 2-12 Triangular element mesh. Apply the displacement boundary conditions and loads to the geometry (lines) instead of the nodes as we did in the previous lesson.These conditions will be applied to the FEM model when the solution is performed. 10. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Lines Pick the left edge of the quadrant > OK > UX = 0. > OK 2-8 ANSYS Tutorial 11. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Lines Pick the bottom edge of the quadrant > OK > UY = 0. > OK Apply the loading. 12. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure > On Lines.Pick the right edge of the quadrant > OK > Pressure = -1. 0 > OK (A positive pressure would be a compressive load, so we use a nega tive pressure. The pressure is shown by the two arrows. ) Figure 2-13 Model with loading and displacement boundary conditions. The model-building step is now complete, and we can proceed to the solution. First, to be safe, save the model. 13. Utility Menu > File > Save as Jobname. db (Or Save as †¦. ; use a new name) SOLUTION The interactive solution proceeds as illustrated in the tutorials of Lesson 1. 14. Main Menu > Solution > Solve > Current LS > OKThe /STATUS Command window displays the problem parameters and the Solve Current Load Step window is shown. Check the solution options in the /STATUS window and if all is OK, select File > Close In the Solve Current Load Step window, select OK, and when the solution is complete, Close the ‘Solution is Done! ’ window. POSTPROCESSING We can now plot the results of this analysis and also list the computed values. First examine the deformed shape. 15. Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape > Def. + Undef. > OK Plane Stress / Plane Strain 2-9 Figure 2-14 Plot of Deformed shape.The deformed shape looks correct. (The undeformed shape is indicated by the dashed lines. ) The right end moves to the right in response to the tensile load in the X direction, the circular hole ovals out, and the top moves down because of Poisson’s effect. Note that the element edges on the circular arc are represented by straight lines. This is an artifact of the plotting routine not the analysis. The six-node triangle has curved sides, and if you pick on a mid-side of one these elements, you will see that a node is placed on the curved edge. The maximum displacement is shown on the graph legend as 0. 2e-11 which seems reasonable. The units of displacement are meters because we employed meters and N/m2 in the problem formulation. Now plot the stress in the X direction. 16. Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Element Solu > Stress > X-Component of stress > OK Use PlotCtrls > Symbols [/PSF] Surface Load Symbols (set to Pressures) and Show pre and convect as (set to Arrows) to display the pressure loads. Figure 2-15 Surface load symbols. Also select Display All Applied BCs 2-10 ANSYS Tutorial Figure 2-16 Element SX stresses.The minimum, SMN, and maximum, SMX, stresses as well as the color bar legend give an overall evaluation of the ? x (SX) stress state. We are interested in the maximum stress at the hole. Use the Zoom to focus on the area with highest stress. (Your meshes and results may differ a bit from those shown here. ) Figure 2-17 SX stress detail. Plane Stress / Plane Strain 2-11 Stress variations in the actual isotropic, homogeneous plate should be smooth and continuous across elements. The discontinuities in the SX stress contours above indicate that the number of elements used in this model is oo few to calculate with complete accuracy the stress values near the hole because of the stress gradients there. We will not accept this stress solu tion. More six-node elements are needed in the region near the hole to find accurate values of the stress. On the other hand, in the right half of the model, away from the stress riser, the calculated stress contours are smooth, and SX would seem to be accurately determined there. It is important to note that in the plotting we selected Element Solu (Element Solution) in order to look for stress contour discontinuities.If you pick Nodal Solu to plot instead, for problems like the one in this tutorial, the stress values will be averaged before plotting, and any contour discontinuities (and thus errors) will be hidden. If you plot nodal solution stresses you will always see smooth contours. A word about element accuracy: The FEM implementation of the truss element is taken directly from solid mechanics studies, and there is no approximation in the solutions for node-loaded truss structures formulated and solved in the ways discussed in Lesson 1.The continuum elements such as the ones for plane stress and plane strain, on the other hand, are normally developed using displacement functions of a polynomial type to represent the displacements within the element, and the higher the polynomial, the greater the accuracy. The ANSYS six-node triangle uses a quadratic polynomial and is capable of representing linear stress and strain variations within an element. Near stress concentrations the stress gradients vary quite sharply. To capture this variation, the number of elements near the stress concentrations must be increased proportionately.To obtain more elements in the model, return to the Preprocessor and refine the mesh, first remove the pressure. All elements are subdivided and the mesh below is created 17. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Delete > Structural > Pressure > On Lines. Pick the right edge of the quadrant. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Modify Mesh > Refine At > All (Select Level of refinement 1. ) Figure 2-18 Global mesh refineme nt. 2-12 ANSYS Tutorial We will also refine the mesh selectively near the hole. 18.Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Modify Mesh > Refine At > Nodes. (Select the three nodes shown. ) > OK (Select the Level of refinement = 1) > OK Figure 2-19 Selective refinement at nodes. (Note: Alternatively you can use Preprocessor > Meshing > Clear > Areas to remove all elements and build a completely new mesh. Plot > Areas afterwards to view the area again. Note also that too much local refinement can create a mesh with too rapid a transition between fine and coarse mesh regions. ) Reapply the pressure loading, repeat the solution, and replot the stress SX. 9. Main Menu > Solution > Solve > Current LS > OK Save your work. 20. File > Save as Jobname. db Plot the stresses in the X direction. 21. Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Element Solu > Stress > X-Component of stress > OK Plane Stress / Plane Strain 2-13 Figure 2-20 SX stress contour after mesh refinement. Figu re 2-21 SX stress detail contour after mesh refinement. The element solution stress contours are now smooth across element boundaries, and the stress legend shows a maximum value of 4. 386 Pa, a 4. percent change in the SX stress computed using the previous mesh. To check this result, find the stress concentration factor for this problem in a text or reference book or from a suitable web site. For the geometry of this example we find Kt = 2. 17. We can compute the maximum stress using (Kt)(load)/(net cross sectional area). Using the pressure p = 1. 0 Pa we obtain. ? x MAX = 2. 17 * p * (0. 4)(0. 01) /[(0. 4 ? 0. 2) * 0. 01] = 4. 34 Pa 2-14 ANSYS Tutorial The computed maximum value is 4. 39 Pa which is around one percent in error, assuming that the value of Kt is exact. -5 THE APPROXIMATE NATURE OF FEM As mentioned above, the stiffness matrix for the truss elements of Lesson 1 can be developed directly and simply from elementary solid mechanics principles. For continuum problems in t wo and three-dimensional stress, this is generally no longer possible, and the element stiffness matrices are usually developed by assuming something specific about the characteristics of the displacements that can occur within an element. Ordinarily this is done by specifying the highest degree of the polynomial that governs the displacement distribution within an element.For h-method elements, the polynomial degree depends upon the number of nodes used to describe the element, and the interpolation functions that relate displacements within the element to the displacements at the nodes are called shape functions. In ANSYS, 2-dimensional problems can be modeled with six-node triangles, four-node quadrilaterals or eight-node quadrilaterals. Figure 2-22 Triangular and quadrilateral elements. The greater the number of nodes, the higher the order of the polynomial and the greater the accuracy in describing displacements, stresses and strains within the element. If the stress is constan t throughout a region, a very imple model is sufficient to describe the stress state, perhaps only one or two elements. If there are gradients in the stress distributions within a region, high-degree displacement polynomials and/or many elements are required to accurately analyze the situation. These comments explain the variation in the accuracy of the results as different numbers of elements were used to solve the problem in the previous tutorial and why the engineer must carefully prepare a model, start with small models, grow the models as understanding of the problem develops and carefully interpret the calculated results.The ease with which models can be prepared and solved sometimes leads to careless evaluation of the computed results. Plane Stress / Plane Strain 2-15 2-6 ANSYS FILES The files created during the solution were saved in step 20 of Tutorial 2A. Look in the working directory and you see Tutorial2A files with extensions BCS, db, dbb, esav, full, mntr, rst, and sta t. However, the Tutorial 2A problem can be reloaded using only Tutorial2A. db, so if you want to save disk space, you can delete the others. 2-7 ANSYS GEOMETRY The finite element model consists of elements and nodes and is separate from the geometry on which it may be based.It is possible to build the finite element model without consideration of any underlying geometry as was done in the truss examples of Lesson 1, but in many cases, development of the geometry is the first task. Two-dimensional geometry in ANSYS is built from keypoints, lines (straight, arcs, splines), and areas. These geometric items are assigned numbers and can be listed, numbered, manipulated, and plotted. The keypoints (2,3,4,5,6), lines (2,3,5,9,10), and area (3) for Tutorial 2A are shown below. (Your numbering may differ. ) Figure 2-23 Keypoints, lines and areas.The finite element model developed previously for this part used the area A3 for development of the node/element FEM mesh. The loads, displacement b oundary conditions and pressures were applied to the geometry lines. When the solution step was executed, the loads were transferred from the lines to the FEM model nodes. Applying boundary conditions and loads to the geometry facilitates remeshing the problem. The geometry does not change, only the number and location of nodes and elements, and at solution time, the loads are transferred to the new mesh.Geometry can be created in ANSYS interactively (as was done in the previous tutorial) or it can be created by reading a text file. For example, the geometry of Tutorial 2A can be generated with the following text file using the File > Read Input from command sequence. (The keypoint, line, etc. numbers will be different from those shown above. ) 2-16 ANSYS Tutorial /FILNAM,Geom /title, Stress Concentration Geometry ! Example of creating geometry using keypoints, lines, arcs /prep7 ! Create geometry k, 1, 0. 0, 0. 0 ! Keypoint 1 is at 0. 0, 0. 0 k, 2, 0. 1, 0. 0 , 3, 0. 5, 0. 0 k, 4, 0. 5, 0. 2 k, 5, 0. 0, 0. 2 k, 6, 0. 0, 0. 1 L, L, L, L, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3 4 5 6 ! Line from keypoints 2 to 3 ! arc from keypoint 2 to 6, center kp 1, radius 0. 1 LARC, 2, 6, 1, 0. 1 AL, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ! Area defined by lines 1,2,3,4,5 Geometry for FEM analysis also can be created with solid modeling CAD or other software and imported into ANSYS. The IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification) neutral file is a common format used to exchange geometry between computer programs. Tutorial 2B demonstrates this option for ANSYS geometry development. -8 TUTORIAL 2B – SEATBELT COMPONENT Objective: Determine the stresses and deformation of the prototype seatbelt component shown in the figure below if it is subjected to tensile load of 1000 lbf. Figure 2-24 Seatbelt component. The seatbelt component is made of steel, has an over all length of about 2. 5 inches and is 3/32 = 0. 09375 inches thick. A solid model of the part was developed in a CAD system and exported as an IGES file. The f ile is imported into ANSYS for analysis. For simplicity we will analyze only the right, or ‘tongue’ portion of the part in this tutorial.Plane Stress / Plane Strain 2-17 Figure 2-25 Seatbelt ‘tongue’. PREPROCESSING 1. Start ANSYS, Run Interactive, set jobname, and working directory. Create the top half of the geometry above. The latch retention slot is 0. 375 x 0. 8125 inches and is located 0. 375 inch from the right edge. If you are not using an IGES file to define the geometry for this exercise, you can create the geometry directly in ANSYS with key points, lines, and arcs by selecting File > Read Input from to read in the text file given below and by skipping the IGES import steps 2, 3, 4, and 10 below. FILNAM,Seatbelt /title, Seatbelt Geometry ! Example of creating geometry using keypoints, lines, arcs /prep7 ! Create geometry k, 1, 0. 0, 0. 0 ! Keypoint 1 is at 0. 0, 0. 0 k, 2, 0. 75, 0. 0 k, 3, 1. 125, 0. 0 k, 4, 1. 5, 0. 0 k, 5, 1. 5, 0. 5 k, 6, 1. 2 5, 0. 75 k, 7, 0. 0, 0. 75 k, 8, 1. 125, 0. 375 k, 9, 1. 09375, 0. 40625 k, 10, 0. 8125, 0. 40625 k, 11, 0. 75, 0. 34375 k, 12, 1. 25, 0. 5 k, 13, 1. 09375, 0. 375 k, 14, 0. 8125, 0. 34375 2-18 L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, ANSYS Tutorial 1, 2 3, 4 4, 5 6, 7 7, 1 3, 8 9, 10 11, 2 ! arc LARC, LARC, LARC, Line from keypoints 1 to 2 from keypoint 5 to 6, center kp 12, radius 0. 25, etc. 5,6, 12, 0. 25 8, 9, 13, 0. 03125 10, 11, 14, 0. 0625 AL,all ! Use all lines to create the area. 2. Alternatively, use a solid modeler to create the top half of the component shown above in the X-Y plane and export an IGES file of the part. To import the IGES file 3. Utility Menu > File > Import > IGES Select the IGES file you created earlier. Accept the ANSYS import default settings. If you have trouble with the import, select the alternate options and try again.Defeaturing is an automatic process to remove inconsistencies that may exist in the IGES file, for example lines that, because of the modeling or th e file translation process, do not quite join to digital precision accuracy. Figure 2-26 IGES import. Turn the IGES solid model around if necessary so you can easily select the X-Y plane. Plane Stress / Plane Strain 2-19 4. Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Pan, Zoom, Rotate > Back, or use the side-bar icon. Figure 2-27 Seatbelt solid, front and back. 5.Main Menu > Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete > Add > Solid > Quad 8node 183 > OK (Use the 8-node quadrilateral element for this problem. ) 6. Options > Plane strs w/thk > OK > Close Enter the thickness 7. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete > Add > (Type 1 Plane 183) > OK > Enter 0. 09375 > OK > Close Enter the material properties 8. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models Material Model Number 1, click Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic Enter EX = 3. 0E7 and PRXY = 0. > OK (Close Define Material Model Behavior window. ) Now mesh the X-Y plane area. (Turn on area numbers if it helps. ) 9. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free. Pick the X-Y planar area > OK IMPORTANT NOTE: The mesh below was developed from an IGES geometry file. Using the text file geometry definition, may produce a much different mesh. If so, use the Modify Mesh refinement tools to obtain a mesh density that produces results with accuracies comparable to those given below. Computed stress values can be surprisingly sensitive to mesh differences. -20 ANSYS Tutorial Figure 2-28 Quad 8 mesh. The IGES solid model is no longer needed, and since its lines and areas may interfere with subsequent modeling operations, we can delete it from the session. 10. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Delete > Volume and Below (Don’t be surprised if everything disappears. Just Plot > Elements to see the mesh again. ) 11. Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Pan, Zoom, Rotate > Front front side of mesh. ) (If necessary to see the Figure 2-29 . Mesh, front view. Now apply displacement and pr essure boundary conditions.Zero displacement UX along left edge and zero UY along bottom edge. 12. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Lines Pick the left edge > UX = 0. > OK 13. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Lines Pick the lower edge > UY = 0. > OK The 1000 lbf load corresponds to a uniform pressure of about 14,000 psi along the ? inch vertical inside edge of the latch retention slot. [1000 lbf/(0. 09375 in. x 0. 75 in. )]. 14.Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure > On Lines Plane Stress / Plane Strain 2-21 Select the inside line and set pressure = 14000 > OK Figure 2-30 Applied displacement and pressure conditions. Solve the equations. SOLUTION 15. Main Menu > Solution > Solve > Current LS > OK POSTPROCESSING Comparing the von Mises stress with the material yield stress is an accepted way of evaluating static load yielding for du ctile metals in a combined stress state, so we enter the postprocessor and plot the element solution of von Mises stress, SEQV. 16.Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Element Solu > Stress > (scroll down) von Mises > OK Zoom in on the small fillet where the maximum stresses occur. The element solution stress contours are reasonably smooth, and the maximum von Mises stress is around 118,000 psi. Further mesh refinement gives a stress value of approximately 140,000 psi. The small fillet radius of this geometry illustrates the challenges that can arise in creating accurate solutions, however you can easily come within a few percent of the most likely true result using the methods discussed thus far.Figure 2-31 Von Mises stresses. 2-22 ANSYS Tutorial Redesign to reduce the maximum stress requires an increase in the thickness or fillet radius. Look at charts of stress concentration factors, and you notice that the maximum stress increases as the radius of the str ess raiser decreases, approaching infinite values at zero radii. If your model has a zero radius notch, your finite-size elements will show a very high stress but not infinite stress. If you refine the mesh, the stress will increase but not reach infinity.The finite element technique necessarily describes finite quantities and cannot directly treat an infinite stress at a singular point, so don’t ‘chase a singularity’. If you do not care what happens at the notch (static load, ductile material, etc. ) do not worry about this location but examine the stresses and strains in other regions. If you really are concerned about the maximum stress in a particular location (fatigue loads or brittle material), then use the actual part notch radius however small (1/32 for this tutorial); do not use a zero radius.Also examine the stress gradient in the vicinity of the notch to make sure the mesh is sufficiently refined near the notch. If a crack tip is the object of the anal ysis, you should look at fracture mechanics approaches to the problem. (See ANSYS help topics on fracture mechanics. ) The engineer’s responsibility is not only to build useful models, but also to interpret the results of such models in intelligent and meaningful ways. This can often get overlooked in the rush to get answers. Continue with the evaluation and check the strains and deflections for this model as well. 7. Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Element Solu > Strain-total > 1st prin > OK The maximum principal normal strain value is found to be approximately 0. 004 in/in. 18. Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu > DOF Solution > X-Component of displacement > OK Figure 2-32 UX displacements. Plane Stress / Plane Strain 2-23 The maximum deflection in the X direction is about 0. 00145 inches and occurs as expected at the center of the right-hand edge of the latch retention slot. -9 MAPPED MESHING Quadrilateral m eshes can also be created by mapping a square with a regular array of cells onto a general quadrilateral or triangular region. To illustrate this, delete the last line, AL,all, from the text file above so that the area is not created (just the lines) and read it into ANSYS. Use PlotCtrls to turn Keypoint Numbering On. Then use 1. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line. Successively pick pairs of keypoints until the four interior lines shown below are created. Figure 2-33 Lines added to geometry. 2.Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Arbitrary > By Lines Pick the three lines defining the lower left triangular area. > Apply > Repeat for the quadrilateral areas. > Apply > OK Figure 2-34 Quadrilateral/Triangular regions. 3. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Operate > Booleans > Glue > Areas > Pick All 2-24 ANSYS Tutorial The glue operation preserves the boundaries between areas that we will need for mapped meshing. 4. Main Men u > Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines Enter 4 for NDIV, No. lement divisions > OK All lines will be divided into four segments for mesh creation. Figure 2-35 Element size on picked lines. 5. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete > Add > Solid > Quad 8node 183 > OK (Use the 8-node quadrilateral element for the mesh. ) 6. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Mapped > 3 or 4 sided > Pick All The mesh below is created. Applying boundary and load conditions and solving gives the von Mises stress distribution shown.The stress contours are discontinuous because of the poor mesh quality. Notice the long and narrow quads near the point of maximum stress. We need more elements and they need to be better shaped with smaller aspect ratios to obtain satisfactory results. Plane Stress / Plane Strain 2-25 Figure 2-36 Mapped mesh and von Mises results. One can tailor the mapped mesh by specifying how many elements are to be plac ed along which lines. This allows much better control over the quality of the mesh, and an example of using this approach is described in Lesson 4. 2-10 CONVERGENCEThe goal of finite element analysis as discussed in this lesson is to arrive at computed estimates of deflection, strain and stress that converge to definite values as the number of elements in the mesh increases, just as a convergent series arrives at a definite value once enough terms are summed. For elements based on assumed displacement functions that produce continuum models, the computed displacements are smaller in theory than the true displacements because the assumed displacement functions place an artificial constraint on the deformations that can occur.These constraints are relaxed as the element polynomial is increased or as more elements are used. Thus your computed displacements usually converge smoothly from below to fixed values. Strains are the x and/or y derivatives of the displacements and thus depend o n the distribution of the displacements for any given mesh. The strains and stresses may change in an erratic way as the mesh is refined, first smaller than the final computed values, then larger, etc. Not all elements are developed using the ideas discussed above, and some will give displacements that converge from above. (See Lesson 6. In any case you should be alert to computed displacement and stress variations as you perform mesh refinement during the solution of a problem. 2-11 TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELEMENT OPTIONS The analysis options for two-dimensional elements are: Plane Stress, Axisymmetric, Plane Strain, Plane Stress with Thickness and Generalized Plane Strain. The two examples thus far in this lesson were of the third type, namely problems of plane stress in which we provided the thickness of the part. 2-26 ANSYS Tutorial The first analysis option, Plane Stress, is the ANSYS default and provides an analysis for a part with unit thickness.If you are working on a design problem in which the thickness is not yet known, you may wish to use this option and then select the thickness based upon the stress, strain, and deflection distributions found for a unit thickness. The second option, Axisymmetric analysis is covered in detail in Lesson 3. Plane Strain occurs in a problem such as a cylindrical roller bearing caged against axial motion and uniformly loaded in a direction normal to the cylindrical surface. Because there is no axial motion, there is no axial strain.Each slice through the cylinder behaves like every other and the problem can be conveniently analyzed with a planar model. Another plane strain example is that of a long retaining wall, restrained at each end and loaded uniformly by soil pressure on one or both faces. The Generalized Plane Strain feature assumes a finite deformation domain length in the Z direction, as opposed to the infinite value assumed for standard plane strain. 2-12 SUMMARY Problems of stress concentration in plates subject to in-plane loadings were used to illustrate ANSYS analysis of plane stress problems.Free triangular and quadrilateral element meshes were developed and analyzed. Mapped meshing with quads was also presented. Similar methods are used for solving problems involving plane strain; one only has to choose the appropriate option during element selection. The approach is also applicable to axisymmetric geometries as discussed in the next lesson. 2-13 PROBLEMS In the problems below, use triangular and/or quadrilateral elements as desired. Triangles may produce more regular shaped element meshes with free meshing.The six-node triangles and eight-node quads can approximate curved surface geometries and, when stress gradients are present, give much better results than the four-node quad elements. 2-1 Find the maximum stress in the aluminum plate shown below. Use tabulated stress concentration factors to independently calculate the maximum stress. Compare the two results by determining the percen t difference in the two answers. Convert the 12 kN concentrated force into an equivalent pressure applied to the edge. Plane Stress / Plane Strain 2-27 Figure P2-1 -2 Find the maximum stress for the plate from 2-1 if the hole is located halfway between the centerline and top edge as shown. You will now need to model half of the plate instead of just one quarter and properly restrain vertical rigid body motion. One way to do this is to fix one keypoint along the centerline from UY displacement. Figure P2-2 2-28 ANSYS Tutorial 2-3 An aluminum square 10 inches on a side has a 5-inch diameter hole at the center. The object is in a state of plane strain with an internal pressure of 1500 psi. Determine the magnitude and location of the maximum principal stress, the maximum rincipal strain, and the maximum von Mises stress. Note that no thickness need be supplied for plane strain analysis. Figure P2-3 2-4 Repeat 2-3 for a steel plate one inch thick in a state of plane stress. 2-5 See if yo u can reduce the maximum stress for the plate of problem 2-1 by adding holes as shown below. Select a hole size and location that you think will smooth out the ‘stress flow’ caused by the load transmission through the plate. Figure P2-5 2-6 Repeat 2-1 but the object is now a plate with notches or with a step in the geometry. (See the next figure. ) Select your own dimensions, materials, and loads.Use published stress concentration factor data to compare to your results. The published results are for plates that are relatively long so that there is a uniform state of axial stress at either end relatively far from notch or hole. Create your geometry accordingly. Plane Stress / Plane Strain 2-29 Figure P2-6 2-7 Solve the seatbelt component problem of Tutorial 2B again using six node triangular elements instead of the quadrilaterals. Experiment with mesh refinement. Turn on Smart Sizing using size controls to examine the effect on the solution. See if you can compute a maxi mum von Mises stress of around 140 kpsi. -8 Determine the stresses and deflections in an object ‘at hand’ (such as a seatbelt tongue or retaining wall) whose geometry and loading make it suitable for plane stress or plane strain analysis. Do all the necessary modeling of geometry (use a CAD system if you wish), materials and loadings. 2-9 A cantilever beam with a unit width rectangular cross section is loaded with a uniform pressure along its upper surface. Model the beam as a problem in plane stress. Compute the end deflection and the maximum stress at the cantilever support. Compare your results to those you would find using elementary beam theory.Figure P2-8 Restrain UX along the cantilever support line, but restrain UY at only one keypoint along this line. Otherwise, the strain in the Y direction due to the Poisson effect is prevented here, and the root stresses are different from elementary beam theory because of the singularity created. (Try fixing all node points in UX and UY and see what happens. ) Select your own dimensions, materials, and pressure. Try a beam that’s long and slender and one that’s short and thick. The effect of shear loading becomes more important in the deflection analysis as the slenderness decreases.